For numerous years, stretching has been a widely employed technique across various sports disciplines. One of the primary factors influencing the effect on range of motion post-stretching is muscle-tendon stiffness (MTS). Recently, researchers have made groundbreaking discoveries, revealing that stretching can significantly enhance movement range by effectively decreasing MTS. While traditional static stretching has been a staple in warm-up routines, it also appears to adversely impact exercisers' strength performance, raising concerns among athletes and coaches alike. In response to these findings, various studies have introduced alternative stretching forms such as dynamic stretching and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) stretching, alongside long-term training programs. These innovative approaches aim to optimize the beneficial effects of stretching while mitigating its detrimental outcomes on strength and performance. To comprehensively understand and delineate the immediate and prolonged impacts of both static and dynamic stretching, along with the efficacy of different stretching protocols, this study meticulously examined recent research articles. The objective of this review is to propose a clear terminology and methodology for stretching practices, thereby providing guidance for exercise training and physical activities. By doing so, it seeks to enhance the efficiency and scientific rigor of stretching protocols, ensuring that athletes and fitness enthusiasts can reap the maximum benefits from their stretching routines.

Ankle sprain is one of the most common injuries in ankle sports. Due to the special characteristics of human body structure, lateral ankle ligament sprain is a common injury during exercise. The severity of ankle sprain is closely related to the degree of ligament damage and. This type of sprain can be classified as mild, moderate, and severe. Most of the ankle sprains are mild, but some severe patients need to fix their ankle joints for a long time to complete basic movements such as walking smoothly. Currently, surgery is needed to help them recover. However, the risk of surgery is still high today, so it is crucial for patients to take some conservative management strategies first, which include physical therapy and rehabilitation and show a promising outcome during previous experiments. This review elaborates on the structure of ankle joints, as well as diagnosis, treatment, and prevention methods of ankle sprains, aiming to discuss effective treatment plans, reduce the possibility of severe ankle joint injuries, and help people with corresponding problems recover.

Ankle sprains are a common musculoskeletal injury that not only occurs in athletes but also affects the public across different age groups and activities. These injuries are mainly lateral ankle sprains (LAS), a large part of which are caused by people exercising and overstretching or tearing ligaments. Accurate diagnosis through physical examination and advanced imaging techniques is essential for effective treatment. There are three levels of ankle sprain severity, each of which requires a tailored rehabilitation strategy to minimize recurrence risk. This review explores ankle anatomy, risk factors for sprains, and evidence-based rehabilitation techniques such as proprioceptive training, cryotherapy, and assistive devices (such as tape). The effectiveness of combination therapies such as cryotherapy and ultrasound for accelerating recovery was highlighted, as was the importance of functional rehabilitation, including balance and strength training, for preventing chronic ankle instability (CAI). The importance of rational treatment modalities to achieve optimal rehabilitation and long-term joint health.

The distal tibiofibular joint (DTFJ), talocrural joint (TCJ), and subtalar joint (STJ) make up the ankle joint complex (AJC). This review examines the biomechanics of the AJC, focusing on joint anatomy, ligament stabilization, and the role of external muscles in foot and ankle movements. The AJC is essential for transferring weight, facilitating movement, and maintaining stability. The TCJ facilitates dorsiflexion (DF) and plantar flexion (PF), while the STJ primarily supports inversion (IV) and eversion (EV). The oblique axis of rotation gives rise to multi-planar motions, such as supination and pronation in ankle movements. Range of motion (ROM) varies across planes and is influenced by age, gender, and sport-specific demands. Variations in ROM also have implications for injury risk and athletic performance. By discussing ankle joint complex, this review provides a clear understanding of ankle biomechanics, thus enabling more effective training and rehabilitation protocols, and injury prevention strategies for athletes and general population.

Rehabilitation plays a significant role in patients' reintegration into society. However, rehabilitation nursing faces the issue of low patient autonomy, which not only restricts the effectiveness of rehabilitation nursing but also hinders the transition from traditional to modern nursing models. The application of Virtual Reality (VR) technology in the field of rehabilitation nursing can provide patients with more personalized rehabilitation experience and promote the efficient conduct of rehabilitation nursing work.As a result, to introduce recent applications of VR technology in rehabilitation nursing more comprehensively, this review summarizes specific applications of VR technology in rehabilitation nursing and analyzes their effects to enhance patient autonomy, compared to traditional methods. By systematically analyzing the current application of VR technology in rehabilitation nursing both domestically and internationally, this review aims to deeply explore how VR technology enhances patient autonomy, attracting more attention on applications of VR technology on rehabilitation nursing, as well as promote further development of collaborative care models.

Foot pronation is a motional pattern, defined as the inward rolling of the foot while walking or running, can trigger a variety of health problem in lower limb, including plantar fasciitis, Achilles tendinopathy, and knee pain. This disorder alters natural biomechanics by disturbing the line of force in lower-limb and putting unnecessary strain on both muscles and joints. Effective treatment options to the problem include physical therapy, custom orthotics, and specific strengthening exercises. Additionally, proper footwear can assist people who participate in sports alleviate the negative consequences of pronation by providing extra support and suitable cushioning to the foot structure. This study emphasizes the need of personalized approaches for the best possible rehabilitation and prevention by thoroughly examining the processes of foot pronation, the injuries resulting from it, and current evidence-based treatment options. It aims to helps optimize patient outcomes and overall life quality using scientific method and intervention tactics.

This study focuses on the symptoms and treatment of knees in different age groups. As knee joints face different problems at different ages, such as children prone to injury and congenital diseases, adolescent sports injuries and adolescent growth imbalance, adults often have chronic strain and acute trauma, and the elderly suffer from osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, this study is conducted. The paper comprehensively explores the knee related problems in children, adolescents, adulthood, and old age, covering physiological characteristics, common symptoms, diagnostic methods, and treatment methods. During research, literature review, clinical case data analysis, expert consultation and experience exchange were used. The common symptoms of knees in all age groups, such as growth pain in children, the corresponding diagnosis methods according to the characteristics of different age groups, and the precise treatment measures, including physics, medicine, surgery and rehabilitation training, which are of great significance to improve the quality of life of patients and reduce the social medical burden.

As a common birth defect, the incidence rate of congenital heart disease (CHD) remains high, which brings heavy burden to families and society. Further exploration of molecular genetic mechanism can provide key basis and new ideas for revealing the cause of CHD, achieving accurate diagnosis and effective treatment. In recent years, the molecular genetic mechanisms of congenital heart disease have been continuously studied. On the one hand, multiple pathogenic genes have been discovered, including protein coding genes, non coding RNA genes, etc., and their mutations or abnormal expression are closely related to the occurrence of diseases; On the other hand, the role of gene regulatory networks and epigenetic modifications in it is gradually becoming clear, opening up new horizons for a comprehensive analysis of the pathogenesis of congenital heart disease. However, there is still much unknown about the role of the interaction between epigenetic modifications and environmental factors in the occurrence of congenital heart disease. This article reviews the roles of genetic and epigenetic mechanisms in the occurrence of congenital heart disease, in order to provide a basis for further exploration of early diagnosis and personalized treatment of congenital heart disease.

Currently, as the number of people suffering from depression gradually increases, different research has been done to find a better therapy for treating depression. Saffron as one of the naturopathic medicines become the focus of research. Scientists have done various clinical trials and confirmed its positive effect in treating depression as well as its potential to assist treatment. However, it still lacks long-term studies to find out its pharmacological mechanism. This essay mainly talks about active ingredients in saffron and their function. Apart from that, this essay describes the methods of extracting and also the toxicity and safety of saffron and its main components. Some research about the anti-depressant effects of saffron are also included in this essay which results in its good efficacy. This research aims to explore novel methods to treat depression and avoid the side effects compared with conventional treatments. The future research will be about its basic pharmacological mechanism so that its therapeutic use can be optimized and also avoid its side effect.

Astragalus (Astragalus membranaceus), as a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, has been widely used in clinical treatment of various diseases, especially known for its pharmacological effects such as immune regulation, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective. In this paper, the botanical characteristics, chemical constituents, pharmacological actions and anticancer research progress of Astragalus astragalus were reviewed. The botanical characteristics of Astragalus membranaceus show that it is mainly distributed in northern China and other Asian regions, with strong growth adaptability, and the common medicinal part is its root. Astragalus Astragalus is rich in a variety of bioactive chemical components, among which Astragalus polysaccharides, flavonoids and Astragalus saponins are the main pharmacological active components, which play an important role in enhancing immunity, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotection. Astragalus can enhance the body's defense against pathogens by enhancing the function of immune cells such as T cells and NK cells. Astragalus also has significant antioxidant effect by enhancing the activity of antioxidant enzymes, reducing the damage of oxidative stress on cells. Astragalus also shows anti-inflammatory effects by regulating immune factors, suppressing inflammatory responses and reducing the symptoms of diseases caused by chronic inflammation. In terms of neuroprotection, Astragalus provides protection to the nervous system through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and other mechanisms, helping to delay the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Astragalus plays an anticancer role by inhibiting tumor cell proliferation, inducing cancer cell apoptosis and reducing tumor angiogenesis. Especially when used in combination with chemotherapy drugs, Astragalus can improve the therapeutic effect and reduce side effects.