Metal meshes are commonly used as reflective elements in far infrared astronomical instruments, where spectrally uniform reflectivity is important for stable Fabry–Perot interferometer performance and reliable calibration. In this work, we quantitatively compare the spectral reflectivity uniformity of representative metal mesh geometries using full wave electromagnetic simulations. Square and circular meshes with inductive and capacitive topologies are analyzed over the 200 to 400 GHz band. A figure of merit based on the normalized root mean square deviation of reflectance from a target value is used to evaluate spectral flatness. Parameter sweeps over lattice pitch and normalized feature size reveal well defined regions that minimize spectral variation. All four geometries can achieve comparable reflectivity uniformity when properly optimized, with square inductive meshes yielding the lowest figure of merit within the explored design space. The results provide practical guidance for selecting metal mesh geometries with flat reflectance profiles in far infrared Fabry–Perot interferometers and related optical systems.

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Geological exploration contributes to the development of resources, construction, and the prevention of disasters. The benefits of the remote sensing technology are extensive, effective, and non-contact, and they can swiftly and precisely offer information regarding geological exploration. The paper describes the relationship and role of remote sensing and geological exploration, considering three ways of geological exploration, namely, geological hazard prediction, regional geological mapping, and mineral resource prediction, and concludes. The studies have established that remote sensing technology has significant applications in predicting geological hazards, geological mapping of most of the regions, as well as predicting mineral resources. Regarding geological hazard prediction, remote sensing technology, which has its benefits, assists the researcher in detecting several geological hazards that are hidden. The information gathered using the remote sensing technology has a scientific ground through which the government can develop disaster prevention and reduction strategies. Remote sensing technology has also emerged as one of the most significant tools in the geological mapping of regions. The rich remote sensing information offers information to underpin the geological mapping study in the region, thereby rendering it accurate and precise. Remote sensing has recorded positive performance as an auxiliary tool in predicting mineral resources in this regard.

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As the most primitive extant jawless vertebrates, Petromyzontiformes have an evolutionary history dating back hundreds of millions of years, with approximately 50 known extant species globally, mainly distributed in temperate and frigid waters across all continents except Africa. They hold irreplaceable value as model organisms in vertebrate evolution research due to their unique biological characteristics such as the origin of the "new head" structure and central nervous system regeneration ability. Petromyzontiformes are highly sensitive to environmental changes, and their migratory behavior and population dynamics are jointly affected by ecological factors and human activities. In this study, we analyzed the global spatial distribution pattern of Petromyzontiformes, which presents a distinct antitropical distribution feature, concentrated in the temperate zones of the Northern Hemisphere and the mid-to-high latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere. We further explored the key environmental factors restricting their distribution, including water temperature, water quality, flow velocity, substrate type and salinity, among which low tolerance to high water temperature is the primary factor restricting their expansion into tropical regions. In recent decades, human activities such as habitat fragmentation, water pollution, overfishing and climate change have severely threatened the survival of Petromyzontiformes populations, leading to the contraction of distribution ranges and even local extinction risks for some species, while a few species have caused serious ecological damage as invasive species. This study also summarized the current research methods for Petromyzontiformes distribution, including field sampling, environmental DNA technology and species distribution models, and highlighted key research gaps such as the lack of multi-factor interaction analysis and long-term monitoring data. Finally, we proposed future research directions and conservation strategies, aiming to provide scientific basis for the protection, habitat management and restoration of Petromyzontiformes, and to safeguard the biodiversity and evolutionary research value of this ancient vertebrate group.

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Direct ex-situ CO2mineralization converts CO2into stable carbonates by reacting with Ca/Mg-rich feedstocks in engineered reactors, offering permanent storage with low leakage risk. This review evaluates feedstocks (natural silicates and industrial alkaline wastes) and compares their sequestration capacity, kinetics, and techno-economic factors. We summarize key process intensification methods, including mechanical/thermal pretreatment and recyclable solvents that enhance CO2dissolution and enable cyclic operation. Mechanistic evidence indicates that silicate dissolution is commonly rate-controlling, and conversion is controlled by coupled effects of particle size, temperature, CO2partial pressure, ionic strength, and mixing. Finally, TEA frameworks and engineering cases are discussed to clarify the deployment opportunities in construction materials, etc. Challenges lie in accelerating kinetics under mild conditions, controlling product quality, and reducing site-dependent cost uncertainty.

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