Hidden hunger (micronutrient deficiency) is a global public health challenge rooted in the systemic loss of nutrients within the modern food system. This paper proposes an integrated "Nutrition Chain Repair" framework aimed at rebuilding nutritional integrity from production to consumption through synergistic multi-node interventions. Based on a systematic review of 11 recent publications (2024-2025), this study identifies three key intervention nodes: At the production end, enhancing the nutritional baseline through biofortification and the development of novel resources (e.g., algal protein). In processing and delivery, applying advanced encapsulation technologies (e.g., liposomes), optimizing traditional processes (e.g., freezing), and utilizing fermentation to protect and deliver nutrients precisely. At the assessment and cognition level, there is an urgent need to reform protein evaluation standards and establish the food matrix as a core paradigm. Flavor perception is the critical bridge ensuring consumer acceptance of technological outcomes and the realization of public health benefits. This study argues that only through such cross-chain, systemic, and synergistic repair can a truly nutrition-sensitive and sustainable food system be built to eradicate hidden hunger.

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Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a severe degenerative neurological disease which leads to progressive cognitive decline and memory impairment. We have affirmed amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and tau tangles as the primary pathological hallmarks for a long time. However, many therapeutic approaches have found out that both Aβ and tau alone have achieved little success. Increasing evidence indicates that the neuroinflammation, which primarily related with microglia and astrocytes, takes the central role of causing and exacerbating the disease. Microglia and astrocytes not only respond to Aβ and tau but also control their accumulation, propagation, and associated neurotoxicity. They are also influenced by a kind ofrisky gene related to late-onset AD calls ApoE, which can further modulate them by regulating lipid metabolism and glial responses. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the roles of microglia, astrocytes, Aβ, tau, and ApoE in AD, emphasizing their interconnected contributions to pathogenesis and therapeutic opportunities.

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This study used information entropy as the core mathematical tool and focused on six typical global cultural scales: the Chinese pentatonic scale, the Indian 22-shruti scale, the Arabic 17 tone and other rhythmic scales, the European natural major scale, the Japanese mode scale, and the Indian pentatonic scale. By quantifying the uncertainty of interval distribution, the mathematical laws behind different cultural music aesthetics have been revealed. This study first constructed a frequency system for each scale and conducted interval statistics. Then, the Shannon entropy formula was used to calculate the entropy value, and the entire process was automatically calculated through Python programming. Finally, the deep logic of entropy value differences was explained in combination with cultural background. The results indicate that entropy is highly correlated with the number of core notes and the diversity of intervals in the scale: low entropy scales (2.0-2.8 bits) correspond to the cultural aesthetics of regular harmony, while high entropy scales (3.1-3.7 bits) relate to improvisation and diverse music styles, providing a quantitative analysis framework for cross-cultural music research.

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Blood oxygen saturation is a critical physiological parameter for evaluating human cardiopulmonary function and blood oxygen-carrying capacity. Non-invasive pulse oximeters based on the principle of photoplethysmography (PPG) have been widely used in clinical monitoring and home health care due to their simple operation and rapid response. This paper reviews the core technologies of pulse oximeters, focusing on the operating principles of their photoelectric sensor modules, hardware circuit design, key performance indicators, and the challenges they face. The article discusses in detail the differences between transmissive and reflective sensors, as well as the design of key circuits in signal processing such as amplification, filtering, and analog-to-digital conversion. Furthermore, it points out the impact of factors such as motion artifacts, low perfusion, and skin color differences on measurement accuracy. Finally, the future development of oximeters towards intelligence, multi-functionality, and high robustness is prospected. This paper aims to provide a theoretical reference for the design optimization and performance improvement of oximeters.

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