The widespread presence of antibiotic residues in food constitutes a serious and escalating threat to public health. The overuse of antibiotics in animal husbandry and agriculture can lead to bioaccumulation in meat, dairy products, and crops, potentially contributing to the development of antimicrobial resistance in humans. Therefore, developing accurate, efficient, and on-site methods for detecting trace levels of such contaminants is of paramount importance. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has emerged as a powerful analytical tool for this purpose, offering exceptional advantages such as ultra-high sensitivity, molecular fingerprint specificity, and capacity for rapid, label-free analysis. This review systematically summarizes the key achievements of SERS technology in the detection of various antibiotic residues across diverse food matrices. It specifically compiles and discusses the achieved limits of detection and recovery rates reported in recent studies, critically evaluating the performance of different SERS substrates and assay formats. The objective is to provide a comprehensive reference for researchers and practitioners, highlighting both the current capabilities and future potential of SERS in ensuring food safety and safeguarding consumer health.

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Cardiovascular diseases (CVD), dominated by atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), are the leading cause of death among urban and rural residents in China. As of 2024, the China Report on Cardiovascular Health and Diseases 2024 shows that the incidence, total number of cases, and age-standardized incidence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in China have continued to show an upward trend. Among them, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is a major contributor to the mortality burden of CVD. Although ASCVD is preventable and controllable, the report indicates that the control level of key risk factors for ASCVD (including smoking, obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, etc.) still needs to be improved. Based on the antagonistic mechanism of omega-3 PUFA metabolites against atherosclerosis, this article reviews the structure and composition of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, their mechanisms of action, the influence of the mixture ratio of DHA and EPA on the changes of coronary atherosclerotic plaques, as well as their impact on people with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; and puts forward clinical medical recommendations based on the key risk factors of ASCVD. This article confirms that EPA and DHA play an important role in inhibiting inflammation by affecting the differentiation process of phagocytes, as well as the size and number of adipocytes. It is intended to remind clinicians that they should not only treat ASCVD, but also guide patients to prevent and manage ASCVD through dietary improvements in daily life, so as to reduce the prevalence and mortality of ASCVD.

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This paper investigates the relationship between health and poverty alleviation, focusing on China’s Health-Poverty Alleviation Program. Through comprehensive analysis, it reveals the strategies, achievements, and challenges in tackling the health-poverty issues. In this context, China’s experience offers important insights for the global community, particularly in integrated multisectoral approaches and data-driven decision-making. Using empirical cases, this study illuminates how policies penetrate government hierarchies, reach grassroots populations, and shape health behaviors, revealing the “structure-behavior” black box in digital health governance. The results show that there are three challenges: tension between the digital divide and health equity, street-level bureaucracy issues, and gaps in governing social determinants. Accordingly, this study proposes three actionable recommendations: inclusive digital health policies, stronger grassroots support, and social support networks with digital health.

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Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major global public health crisis. It is featured by insulin resistance and chronic hyperglycemia, leading to serious complications, and current clinical treatments only relieve symptoms but cannot cure it. Recent research has shown that the Mediterranean diet (MD) is a promising way for T2DM prevention and management, and its role in regulating metabolic disorders has become a research focus. This review analyzes the core nutritional features of the MD and its regulatory effects on T2DM. It finds that the MD can balance gut microbiota, reduce chronic inflammation and oxidative stress, improve glycemic and lipid metabolism, and enhance pancreatic β-cell function and insulin sensitivity in T2DM patients. Clinical evidence also proves that the MD boosts patients’ quality of life and has more advantages than conventional diabetic diets in long-term adherence and metabolic regulation. The MD provides a new nutritional intervention method for clinical T2DM management, offering evidence-based references for clinical practice. However, existing studies lack long-term follow-up data on diabetic complications and have insufficient research on the MD’s cross-cultural adaptability and the synergy of its components. Future research should focus on personalized nutritional plans, long-term outcomes of complications and culturally adapted MD protocols. It is also necessary to explore the combined use of the MD with hypoglycemic drugs to better benefit T2DM patients worldwide.

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