With the growing demand for green chemicals, biological products and sustainable manufacturing, plant metabolic engineering has gradually become a vital direction for the development of high-value natural products. Plants possess photosynthetic autotrophic capacity, complex organelle structures and abundant endogenous metabolic networks, enabling them to synthesize and accumulate a variety of medicinal natural products, pigments and aromatic compounds. However, plant metabolic pathways are highly complex, characterized by pathway crosstalk, feedback regulation, compartmentalized distribution, isozyme redundancy and tissue specificity, which pose challenges to the targeted synthesis and yield improvement of target products. In recent years, the development of synthetic biology and gene editing technologies has provided new solutions for plant metabolic reconstruction. The combined optimization of modular elements and the CRISPR/Cas gene editing system can regulate the expression of target genes, improve the spatial distribution of enzymes, promote the transport of substrates and products, and reduce the shunting of metabolic flux by competitive pathways. Different chassis platforms such as tobacco, Arabidopsis thaliana , tomato, maize and plant cell suspension culture systems also provide diverse options for metabolic pathway analysis, functional verification and high-value product production. In the future, combined with multi-omics analysis, metabolic modeling, AI-aided design and systematic regulation strategies, plant metabolic engineering is expected to further break through limitations such as flux bottlenecks, unstable expression and product toxicity, and play a greater role in green manufacturing, biomedicine and bioeconomic development.

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Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused by Fusarium graminearum, severely impacts wheat yield and grain quality, while producing the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) that endangers human and animal health. Chemical control faces rising fungicide resistance, and breeding resistant varieties is time-consuming and challenged by rapid pathogen evolution. Spray-induced gene silencing (SIGS), a non-transgenic RNAi approach, offers a promising green alternative by applying exogenous dsRNA to silence key pathogenicity genes. This review summarizes recent SIGS progress for FHB management, covering its mechanism, target gene selection, validated targets, and field efficacy. And we also discuss efforts to optimize dsRNA delivery systems, with an emphasis on nanotechnology-based approaches aimed at prolonging persistence and enhancing targeting efficiency. Current studies show SIGS effectively reduces pathogen virulence and DON accumulation. Howeveer, field application is hindered by dsRNA instability, resistance risks, and inadequate environmental safety data. Future research may focus on multi-target resistance management strategies and the development of smart, stimulus-responsive nanocarriers to accelerate the translation of SIGS into sustainable FHB control programs.

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Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease (AHPND) poses a major threat to the shrimp aquaculture industry, and its pathogenic agent is the PirAB toxin. Although it is known to target the hepatopancreas, the early events triggered by toxin attack and their dynamic mechanisms along disease progression remain to be elucidated. In this study, time-series transcriptomic data from public databases (control group and 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6 hours after toxin treatment) were used to reveal a "double-hit" model of PirAB toxin pathogenesis through K-means clustering and key gene expression analysis. The first hit (0.5 h) was characterized by a sharp downregulation of transcription regulatory factors such as zinc finger proteins, leading to paralyzed transcriptional regulation. The second hit (6 h) manifested as sustained inhibition of metabolic genes and upregulation of apoptosis/degradation genes including matrix metalloproteinases, resulting in functional failure and tissue ulceration. This model identified molecular abnormalities at the very early stage, suggesting that zinc finger proteins, metallothioneins and other molecules can serve as biomarkers for ultra-early warning, providing new insights into the early diagnosis of AHPND.

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Regenerative medicine largely depends on the clinical use of stem cells which are promise as a new therapeutic paradigm. For any stem cell therapy, large-scale cultivation of the stem cells will be necessary. Nevertheless, the translation of the findings from the bench to the bed will represent a challenging feat. In this review, the author emphasizes the issues related to the current status and difficulties regarding the clinical application of stem cell research. Since the focus of this paper is cultivation of stem cells for clinical purposes, this review has covered hESCs, iPSCs, MSCs, and HSCs. In addition, through this review, the author succeeds in presenting information about the current state of growing and engineering stem cells. This review is concerned with the process of designing cell therapy using modern engineering techniques that have made the translation from stem cell research bench to stem cell clinical bedside an interesting development field. In this study, we address the effects that engineering of the niche by 3D bioreactor, xenogeneic-free media, and genetic manipulation of cells have on clinical outcomes in the context of stem cell therapies for neurological, cardiovascular, orthopedic, and immunological purposes.t on the impact of genomic instability on stem cell quality and the regulatory implications.

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