Tumor metabolism reconstruction is a core marked feature of malignant tumors, which is characterized by overall rebuilding of energy metabolism, biological synthesis, and oxidation-reduction balance. This review, in a systematic way, makes a summary of the molecular foundation of important pathways which include glycolysis, mitochondrion metabolism, glutamine-pushed anaplerosis, fat metabolism, and one-carbon metabolism. We further carry out division on hierarchical control mechanisms that are intermediated by signal–transcription axes, for example hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), MYC, the PI3K–AKT–mTOR pathway, and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). In addition, we carry out discussion on metabolite-mediated mutual communication and immunity-suppressing influences inside the tumor microenvironment (TME), hence we emphasize the core function of metabolites like lactic acid and kynurenine in metabolic interactions and immune escaping. From a clinical view angle, we carry out evaluation on the translational worth of metabolic phenotypes in imaging and liquid biopsy, summarize evidence from clinical tests of targeted metabolic agents (e.g., glutaminase blocking agents and IDO1 blocking agents), and carry out analysis on treatment heterogeneity and combination-treatment difficulties. At last, we make a summary of recent advancement in bioinformatics methods—including integration of multiple omics, metabolomics pathway analysis, and transcriptome-based co-expression networks—for depiction of metabolic heterogeneity, finding targets that drugs can act on, and forecasting the reaction of treatment. We put forward that future researches should keep on pushing forward metabolic flux verification, space-time resolved metabolic measurements, and accurate layering strategies to help the transformation of metabolic targeting from concept verification to clinical meaningful benefits.

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With the continuous cross-regional flow of the labor force, large numbers of migrant workers from low-altitude regions are entering high-altitude areas to engage in high-intensity physical labor. Due to the lack of long-term genetic and physiological adaptation to hypoxic environments, this population faces pronounced physiological stress. This paper systematically reviews the effects of high-altitude exposure on metabolism, circulation, and oxygen utilization, covering key changes such as metabolic remodeling, increased cardiovascular load, and enhanced oxidative stress, and building on these findings, elucidates the specific requirements of plateau workers for carbohydrates, high-quality protein, iron, and antioxidant nutrients. On this basis, by integrating the traditional food resources and dietary cultures of the Tibetan Plateau, the Andean Plateau, and the Ethiopian Plateau, this paper proposes region-specific dietary strategies that can leverage the advantages of local food resources while compensating for nutritional shortcomings, including fortification of local staple foods, improvement of protein quality, and enhancement of antioxidant supply. This study aims to construct a nutritionally supportive framework with local adaptability and physiological specificity for enterprises operating at high altitude, providing a foundation for improving workers' health status and work performance.

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Diabetic encephalopathy is mainly characterized by cognitive dysfunction, impaired decision-making ability, and emotional abnormalities. Diabetes-related cognitive dysfunction (DRCD) can affect patients' daily living abilities, induce severe mood swings and personality changes, and lead to the loss of some language, learning, cognitive, and living skills in affected individuals. Clinically, DRCD can be classified based on the severity and pathogenesis of the disease. Multiple factors have been identified as risk factors for DRCD in diabetic patients, including gender, age, genetic background, obesity, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, visual and hearing impairments, olfactory dysfunction, alcoholism, smoking, vascular lesions, abnormal blood glucose levels, and depression. Biomarkers associated with DRCD include the Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio, phosphorylated tau protein at serine 181 (p-tau181), amyloid β-protein 42 (Aβ42), phosphorylated tau protein at threonine 205 (p-tau205), microtubule-binding region tau-243, total tau protein, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP).Both pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions have been shown to alleviate symptoms of DRCD and delay the progression of mild cognitive impairment to dementia.

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In recent years, with the increasing frequency of natural disasters around the world, the pressure on agricultural production is also increasing. Drought and soil salinization caused by natural disasters have become the main obstacles to agricultural development, which have a serious impact on human life and production. Drought changes the growth pattern of crops, affects their metabolic process and stress resistance, and has a significant impact on the growth and yield of crops. Salt stress can cause oxidative damage, which ultimately leads to a substantial decrease in crop yield. Cultivation of drought - and salt-tolerant crops can increase arable land area, ensure food security and high yield, and improve the ecological environment to meet the requirements of sustainable development. This paper mainly discusses how to improve drought and salt tolerance of crops, including how to adapt root system, how to regulate stomatome, how to improve water use efficiency, and how to absorb and transport salt. Moreover, the role of marker-assisted selection (MAS) and CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology in the development of drought - and salt-tolerant crops was highlighted. Gene editing technology provides us with accurate methods for crop improvement, but it still faces some challenges, such as the difficulty of co-editing multiple genes and the failure of modification caused by off-target effects. Looking ahead, with the combination of genomics and smart farming technologies, the cultivation of drought - and salt-tolerant crops will continue to advance, helping us to address global challenges such as climate change and soil degradation.

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