Childhood obesity is rapidly emerging as one of China's most serious public health challenges. In recent decades, the prevalence of childhood obesity has increased rapidly, now affecting approximately 19.0% of school-aged children in China. This review explores the factors underlying this trend, focusing on a unique cultural dynamic: the heavy reliance on grandparents for childcare. Specifically, it investigates how the trauma of the Great Chinese Famine (1959-1961) shaped the caregiving behaviors of the older generation. For many grandparents who survived the famine, a chubby child is perceived as a sign of health, wealth, and proper care. Consequently, they often overfeed their grandchildren and restrict their physical activity. The review finds that being raised primarily by grandparents is a major independent risk factor for childhood obesity, leading to higher rates of early-onset health issues like hypertension. The paper also examines the CHIRPY DRAGON intervention model, which shows that public health programs can succeed only if they actively engage with grandparents and directly confrot these deep-rooted beliefs.

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As the population ages, the challenge of preventing and managing diabetes among older adults has become increasingly severe. Traditional screening based on Body Mass Index (BMI) often fails to identify high-risk individuals with "hidden obesity." Through a literature review, this paper systematically explores the intrinsic connections and underlying mechanisms linking community-based dietary interventions, the optimization of body fat percentage, and precision prevention strategies for geriatric diabetes. Research indicates that reducing body fat percentage—particularly visceral fat—while maintaining skeletal muscle mass plays a pivotal mediating role in how dietary interventions lower the risk of diabetes in older adults. This study suggests that future efforts should focus on shifting metabolic management in the older population from the traditional "broad weight loss" approach to "refined regulation of body composition," and establishing a grassroots precision nutrition intervention mechanism oriented towards regulating body fat and protecting muscle.

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In recent years, the use of various physical therapy interventions for treating heel pain and plantar fasciitis has attracted increasing attention. However, current reviews related to physical therapy for plantar fasciitis have mainly focused on the general population. These reviews are without consideration of the return-to-sport needs of athletic populations, and there remains a lack of systematic review and comprehensive discussion for addressing plantar fasciitis in athletic populations. This review searched databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, and Cochrane to compare the biomechanical mechanisms of heel pain and plantar fasciitis between athletic and general populations, and to summarize and evaluate clinical studies on various physical therapy interventions (such as extracorporeal shock wave therapy, dry needling, and resistance training combined with stretching) for treating heel pain and plantar fasciitis in athletic populations. The review highlights the short- and long-term effectiveness of extracorporeal shock wave therapy in relieving pain and improving the biomechanical characters of the plantar fascia in athletic populations. Nevertheless, the findings also showed that although clinical studies have demonstrated significant therapeutic effects of resistance training, stretching, and dry needling for plantar fasciitis in athletic populations, the evidence level remains low due to limitations in sample size, intervention design and study methodology. Future research should continue to investigate the biomechanical specificity of plantar fasciitis in athletic populations. Clinical studies should include larger sample sizes, conduct research across different types of sports populations, employ combined physical therapy interventions, and apply long-term follow-up assessments.

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Phosphorus is a key limiting nutrient triggering aquatic eutrophication, and duckweed with simple structure and sensitive phenotypic changes is an ideal model to explore plant phosphorus adaptive responses. This paper focuses on the morphological plasticity of duckweed exposed to low, moderate and high phosphate gradients and constructs a multi-index evaluation system for its growth status. Low phosphate restrains duckweed cell division and chlorophyll synthesis, leading to shrunken pale fronds and elongated roots for nutrient capture. Moderate phosphate supports balanced frond proliferation, stable root development and continuous biomass accumulation to form optimal growth state. High phosphate brings short-term rapid propagation but induces intraspecific competition and long-term aquatic ecological risks. Single frond counting generates biased analysis, while joint assessment of frond area, leaf color, root length and dry weight can accurately judge phosphorus stress. This study provides theoretical support for applying duckweed as bio-indicator and ecological remediation material in phosphorus-polluted water bodies.

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