Tumor immunotherapy has altered the therapeutic landscape of melanoma, lung cancer, renal cancer, hematologic malignancies, and several mismatch repair deficient tumors, yet durable responses remain uneven across tumor types and patient populations. Major restrictions arise from inefficient antigen presentation, inadequate trafficking and persistence of effector lymphocytes, stromal exclusion, suppressive myeloid compartments, hypoxia, aberrant vasculature, and systemic immune toxicity after nonselective immune activation. Nanomedicine delivery systems provide a materials-based route to adjust where, when, and in which cellular compartment immunomodulators are released. Lipid nanoparticles, polymeric particles, protein and lipoprotein mimetics, inorganic nanomaterials, biomimetic vesicles, and responsive hybrid platforms can co-deliver antigens, adjuvants, checkpoint inhibitors, cytokine modulators, nucleic acids, photosensitizers, or metabolic regulators to tumors and lymphoid tissues. This review summarizes the immunological rationale for nanomedicine design in cancer immunotherapy, with emphasis on active targeting, stimulus-responsive release, multifunctional immune remodeling, checkpoint blockade delivery, nanovaccines, suppressive microenvironment modulation, and combined therapeutic strategies. Current evidence indicates that nanomedicine can improve pharmacokinetics, concentrate immune signals in relevant tissues, reduce systemic exposure, and synchronize innate and adaptive immune activation. Clinical translation still depends on reproducible manufacturing, validated biomarkers of delivery, immune safety, and trial designs that distinguish material effects from payload effects.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a globally prevalent chronic metabolic disease, pathologically characterized by insulin resistance and progressive functional deterioration of pancreatic β-cells. Its pathogenesis involves synergistic regulation of multiple systems and signaling pathways. With the rapid development of molecular biology and cell biology technologies in recent years, the research on biological mechanisms of T2DM has been continuously deepened. Accumulated studies have confirmed that abnormal insulin signaling, chronic low-grade inflammation, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, glucolipotoxicity, gut microbiota dysbiosis, and dysregulated cell death patterns are closely involved in the occurrence and progression of T2DM. This paper systematically reviews the research progress on core biological mechanisms of T2DM, integrates key links including insulin signaling pathway, pancreatic β-cell injury, inflammation-oxidative stress loop, and gut microbiota regulation. Meanwhile, the prospect of targeted therapeutic strategies based on biological mechanisms is discussed, aiming to provide comprehensive theoretical references for precise prevention, early diagnosis and innovative drug development of T2DM.

Breast cancer (BC) is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among women worldwide, and its burden varies substantially across regions. Based on global disease burden research, cohort studies and meta-analysis evidence, this review analyzes how reproductive, lifestyle and socioeconomic factors affect the regional distribution of BC incidence, mortality and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). Regions with a high Socio-demographic Index (SDI) generally report higher BC incidence. This may be related to the change in reproductive patterns, the prevalence of lifestyle risk factors and the high prevalence of screening. In contrast, low-resource settings often face limited screening, delayed diagnosis, and restricted access to treatment. In general, reproductive factors mainly affect BC risk through long-term hormone exposure. Lifestyle factors affect the risk of BC through metabolic and inflammatory pathways. Therefore, the prevention and treatment of BC should be carried out synchronously in combination with lifestyle intervention, reproductive health education, national screening and standardized diagnosis and treatment.

Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes plays a key role in most clinical drug metabolism, among which six isoenzymes, CYP1A2, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4, are involved in about 70% to 80% of drug metabolism reactions. The change of CYP activity will affect the clearance rate, bioavailability and toxicity of drugs, and many serious drug-drug interactions, DDIs) are also caused by the inhibition or induction of CYP. This paper reviews the main in vitro methods of CYP profiling, including metabolic stability test, single substrate inhibition test, cocktail assays and time-dependent inhibition research, and explains how these methods can be combined with LC-MS/MS platform and automation technology for compound screening and early DDI risk assessment. The article also analyzes the distribution of CYP in liver, small intestine and kidney, focusing on the differences in pharmacogenomics and the synergistic effect of CYP3A and P-glycoprotein in intestine. Subsequently, this paper explains how to integrate the relevant data to predict the clinical outcome in the basic pharmacokinetic modeling of physiology, and analyzes the cases of DDI such as azole antifungal agents, statins, tacrolimus and rifampicin. Finally, the article points out the new problems brought by biological agents. Although these drugs are not CYP substrates, they can affect CYP expression through cytokine-mediated mechanism, so the existing mechanism framework needs to be further expanded to explain this kind of interaction.

Skin photoaging, primarily driven by long-term ultraviolet (UV) exposure with features like oxidative stress, extracellular matrix degradation, and gradual loss of dermal structural integrity. These processes not only affect appearance but also demonstrate cellular aging and impaired tissue repair. Traditional anti-aging therapies, including topical retinoids and laser-based interventions, provide limited and short-term improvements, highlighting the demand for more effective and safer approaches. In the past few years, stem cell-derived secretome has proved to contain a complex mixture of growth and repair factors and extracellular vesicles like exosomes. It has emerged as an approved cell-free therapy to assist skin rejuvenation. This review discusses current evidence on the role of stem cell secretome in slowing photoaging, with a focus on its molecular mechanisms and clinical applications. Preclinical studies demonstrate that secretome components can prevent UV-induced damage by removing reactive oxygen species (ROS), controlling inflammatory processes, and blocking matrix metalloproteinase activity to protect the structure of collagen and elastin in the skin. Furthermore, secretome therapy induces dermal fibroblast production and reinforces extracellular matrix remodeling through pathways like NRF2 and TGF-β. Clinical studies report improvements in skin elasticity, hydration storage, and wrinkle reduction, particularly when combined with delivery techniques such as microneedling. This review finds that stem cell secretome therapy has great potential to overcome limitations of traditional treatments and brings safer, more effective, and more regenerative approaches for both aesthetic industry and clinical skin repair.

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) has become one of the most widely used immunological detection technologies and plays an important role in the detection of human diseases. This paper reviews the research background, core position, types, basic principle, producer and the progress of the ELISA, and based on the principle and the procedure to research the clinical application of the ELISA in human diseases focusing on the tumor screening and detection, infectious diseases and allergy. Also analyse the strengths, weaknesses and the future prospect of the ELISA. The result of the research demonstrate that although there some limitation with sometimes have the rate of missed diagnosis and false diagnosis and some cannot be done simultaneously, it is a better way to develop some technology like the high-throughput ELISA technology, and we can also make the combination with ELISA and nucleic acid testing method. With high sensitivity, strong specificity, low cost and easy standardization, ELISA can serve as a powerful technical support for clinical detection and diagnosis of human diseases.

Dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a major cause of blindness in the elderly, characterized by progressive degeneration of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and irreversible loss of photoreceptors. Current clinical treatments can only delay disease progression, lacking curative effects. Stem cell therapy has emerged as a promising strategy for dry AMD, with embryonic stem cells (ESCs), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as the main research objects. Stem cells exert therapeutic effects through RPE cell replacement, paracrine action, immune regulation, and retinal neuroprotection. Preclinical studies and early clinical trials have verified the safety and preliminary efficacy of stem cell transplantation, but challenges such as tumorigenicity, immune rejection, and cell survival remain. This review systematically summarizes the research progress, mechanisms, clinical advances, challenges, and future directions of stem cell therapy for dry AMD, aiming to provide a reference for its clinical transformation.

The association between Chronic Urticaria (CU) and Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection has attracted progressively attention. This article systematically reviews research progress of these two conditions on regarding the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatment strategy aspects. Epidemiological data imply that the prevalence of H. pylori infection in patients with Chronic Urticaria (CU) is markedly higher than healthy individuals, and higher infection rates referred to females, young and middle-aged individuals, and those accompanied by gastrointestinal symptoms. In the way of efficacy prediction, patients infected with Cag A-positive H. pylori strains, serum Hp-IgE antibodies-positive and IL-17/IL-23 elevated levels achieve more significant relief symptom after H. pylori eradication, which suggesting that these indicators help screen potential beneficiaries. The pathogenesis refers to Th1/Th2 immune imbalance, IgE-mediated mast cell activation, intestinal barrier damage and neuroendocrine regulation disorder, the three through the "Gut-skin axis" exerting synergistic effects. As for treatments, Standard Triple Therapy and Bismuth Quadruple Therapy serve as core treatments, yet drug resistance remains a prominent challenge; Acupoint Catgut Embedding Therapy and Sequential Treatment Of Traditional Chinese and Western medicine (such as Ban Xia Xie Xin Decoction) can improve H. pylori eradication and clinical cure rates while reducing recurrence rates. Nevertheless, current researches are limited by small sample sizes, discrepant diagnostic and therapeutic criteria and insufficient mechanistic exploration. In the future, efforts should concentrate on conducting multicenter and forward-thinking studies. It's necessary to establish precise efficacy prediction models and explore comprehensively the scientific connotation behind integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine therapy.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) remains a major global health burden with limited improvement in long-term survival, largely due to late diagnosis and an incomplete understanding of its underlying mechanisms. Emerging evidence indicates that chronic mechanical irritation (CMI), a unique physical stimulus in the oral cavity, plays a critical role in OSCC initiation and progression by synergizing with classical risk factors such as tobacco, alcohol, and high-risk HPV infection. CMI contributes to extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling and increased matrix stiffness, thereby activating mechanotransduction pathways including the Hippo-YAP/TAZ axis and calcium influx mediated by mechanosensitive channels such as PIEZO1 and TRPV4. These signals are further integrated and amplified by scaffold proteins, which function as spatiotemporal organizers of signaling complexes. Scaffold proteins, exemplified by focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and paxillin, serve as key mediators linking the mechanical microenvironment to intracellular oncogenic signaling, promoting proliferation, invasion, epithelial–mesenchymal transition, and therapeutic resistance in OSCC. Notably, the HOMER protein family, particularly HOMER3, has emerged as a potential regulator of calcium signaling microdomains and tumor progression, although its role in OSCC remains largely unexplored. This review systematically summarizes the CMI–ECM remodeling–mechanotransduction–scaffold protein regulatory axis in OSCC and highlights the potential of HOMER3 as a novel biomarker and therapeutic target. These insights provide a comprehensive framework for understanding OSCC pathogenesis and may facilitate the development of precision diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.

Colorectal cancer has high occurrence and death rates, and it brings great troubles to medical treatment. Natural polysaccharide active materials are now a hot research topic, for they have special power to fight cancer cells. Mushroom polysaccharides are the main active parts of food and medical mushrooms. They win more and more attention as they work in many ways against colorectal cancer. Some mushroom polysaccharides can work directly on tumor cells. They can make cells die naturally and stop cell division. They also block epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) to slow tumor growth and stop its spread. They can also affect key parts of cancer root cells. They stop these cells from keeping active and prevent cancer from returning completely. Besides, these polysaccharides work better together to fight cancer. They change the immune environment around tumor cells and adjust immune cell states. They help the body release more immune materials and keep different gut bacteria balanced. They also make the gut's protective layer work well and link immune control with environmental improvement. Now, using mushroom polysaccharides in real medical work still has many problems. It is hard for human bodies to absorb them, and it is not easy to produce them in standard ways. The results of this study offer useful ideas for further research on their working principles and future medical use.