The aim of this article is to summarize the current evidence regarding nutritional, dietary associations with the prevention and treatment of obesity, highlighting the relevance of what we eat during our lifetime with regard to developing or losing weight, thus providing the scientific basis for drafting dietary advice in obese individuals. Methods: Using terms like obesity, diet, nutrition we did a systematic literature search on both CNKI and PubMed. A review on the role of nutrition & diet in Obesity: It is noted that there is a strong connection between proteins, carbohydrates, fats and the occurrence and progress of obesity; micronutrient deficiency is common in people who are obese; some plant substances like polyphenols, ketone bodies, fibers could be used as additively therapeutic approaches for managing obesity; custom dietary plans need to take into account an individual's unique characteristics. Summarize, in short, diet and nutrition are key parts of overall care for obese patients and good nutritional advice is an important part of treating obesity.

Currently, the global burden of chronic diseases continues to grow and has become a major challenge facing the field of public health. Against this background, nutritional factors, as a key modifiable component, play a core driving role in the development of chronic diseases. Although extensive research has been conducted on the association between nutrition and chronic diseases and a large body of relevant evidence has been accumulated, how to systematically explain the specific mechanisms by which nutritional factors drive chronic disease risk through complex biological pathways, and on this basis build a cross-level and operable comprehensive intervention framework, remains a prominent challenge in current research and practice. To address this issue, this paper adopts systematic review and multidisciplinary integrated analysis methods to sort out existing evidence in the fields of molecular nutrition, epidemiology and public health policy, and analyze the biological mechanisms through which macronutrients, micronutrients and dietary patterns affect chronic disease risk via pathways such as oxidative stress, inflammatory response, metabolic regulation and gut microbiota. Based on the social ecological model and life cycle perspective, this paper analyzes the social determinants affecting dietary choices from multiple dimensions including individual behavior, family environment, community support and policy environment. On this basis, this study focuses on integrating mechanistic understanding and social determinants to build a multi-dimensional comprehensive intervention framework covering biological mechanism-targeted intervention, individualized nutritional guidance, community environment optimization and macro-policy support, so as to transform basic scientific research into systematic prevention and control strategies. This study organically integrates mechanism analysis and framework construction, which not only deepens the scientific understanding of nutrition-driven chronic disease risk, but also provides theoretical basis and practical approaches for designing integrated public health interventions. It has important theoretical and practical value for promoting the transformation of chronic disease prevention and control from single treatment to comprehensive prevention.

This paper investigates the relationship between health and poverty alleviation, focusing on China’s Health-Poverty Alleviation Program. Through comprehensive analysis, it reveals the strategies, achievements, and challenges in tackling the health-poverty issues. In this context, China’s experience offers important insights for the global community, particularly in integrated multisectoral approaches and data-driven decision-making. Using empirical cases, this study illuminates how policies penetrate government hierarchies, reach grassroots populations, and shape health behaviors, revealing the “structure-behavior” black box in digital health governance. The results show that there are three challenges: tension between the digital divide and health equity, street-level bureaucracy issues, and gaps in governing social determinants. Accordingly, this study proposes three actionable recommendations: inclusive digital health policies, stronger grassroots support, and social support networks with digital health.

As overweight and obesity have become a common public health concern worldwide, how to achieve reasonable and effective weight control has also attracted the attention of the whole society. As an effective dietary intervention, functional foods can assist in regulating human body weight through various pathways, and their pivotal role in weight control is worthy of in-depth exploration. This paper reviews the main mechanisms by which functional foods regulate body weight, including the regulation of food intake and satiety, the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism, the regulation of intestinal microorganisms and intestinal environment, and the improvement of chronic low-grade inflammation and oxidative stress. It also introduces the application progress of different types of functional foods, such as dietary fiber, prebiotics and probiotics, plant functional factors, proteins and active peptides. In addition, the current problems in this field are summarized, including inconsistent levels of scientific evidence, disconnection between mechanism research and clinical practice, gaps between product claims and actual effects, and individual differences. Meanwhile, future development trends are proposed, shifting from single-component to multi-component products, from general weight loss to personalized nutrition, from weight loss to health-oriented management, and from product development to a dual-track system of standardization and science popularization. In summary, this paper systematically introduces the functional mechanisms, application types, existing problems and development trends of functional foods in weight loss, which can provide certain references for future research and product development.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major global public health crisis. It is featured by insulin resistance and chronic hyperglycemia, leading to serious complications, and current clinical treatments only relieve symptoms but cannot cure it. Recent research has shown that the Mediterranean diet (MD) is a promising way for T2DM prevention and management, and its role in regulating metabolic disorders has become a research focus. This review analyzes the core nutritional features of the MD and its regulatory effects on T2DM. It finds that the MD can balance gut microbiota, reduce chronic inflammation and oxidative stress, improve glycemic and lipid metabolism, and enhance pancreatic β-cell function and insulin sensitivity in T2DM patients. Clinical evidence also proves that the MD boosts patients’ quality of life and has more advantages than conventional diabetic diets in long-term adherence and metabolic regulation. The MD provides a new nutritional intervention method for clinical T2DM management, offering evidence-based references for clinical practice. However, existing studies lack long-term follow-up data on diabetic complications and have insufficient research on the MD’s cross-cultural adaptability and the synergy of its components. Future research should focus on personalized nutritional plans, long-term outcomes of complications and culturally adapted MD protocols. It is also necessary to explore the combined use of the MD with hypoglycemic drugs to better benefit T2DM patients worldwide.

The widespread presence of antibiotic residues in food constitutes a serious and escalating threat to public health. The overuse of antibiotics in animal husbandry and agriculture can lead to bioaccumulation in meat, dairy products, and crops, potentially contributing to the development of antimicrobial resistance in humans. Therefore, developing accurate, efficient, and on-site methods for detecting trace levels of such contaminants is of paramount importance. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has emerged as a powerful analytical tool for this purpose, offering exceptional advantages such as ultra-high sensitivity, molecular fingerprint specificity, and capacity for rapid, label-free analysis. This review systematically summarizes the key achievements of SERS technology in the detection of various antibiotic residues across diverse food matrices. It specifically compiles and discusses the achieved limits of detection and recovery rates reported in recent studies, critically evaluating the performance of different SERS substrates and assay formats. The objective is to provide a comprehensive reference for researchers and practitioners, highlighting both the current capabilities and future potential of SERS in ensuring food safety and safeguarding consumer health.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD), dominated by atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), are the leading cause of death among urban and rural residents in China. As of 2024, the China Report on Cardiovascular Health and Diseases 2024 shows that the incidence, total number of cases, and age-standardized incidence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in China have continued to show an upward trend. Among them, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is a major contributor to the mortality burden of CVD. Although ASCVD is preventable and controllable, the report indicates that the control level of key risk factors for ASCVD (including smoking, obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, etc.) still needs to be improved. Based on the antagonistic mechanism of omega-3 PUFA metabolites against atherosclerosis, this article reviews the structure and composition of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, their mechanisms of action, the influence of the mixture ratio of DHA and EPA on the changes of coronary atherosclerotic plaques, as well as their impact on people with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; and puts forward clinical medical recommendations based on the key risk factors of ASCVD. This article confirms that EPA and DHA play an important role in inhibiting inflammation by affecting the differentiation process of phagocytes, as well as the size and number of adipocytes. It is intended to remind clinicians that they should not only treat ASCVD, but also guide patients to prevent and manage ASCVD through dietary improvements in daily life, so as to reduce the prevalence and mortality of ASCVD.

Precision nutrition demands customized postprandial glycemic control, but conventional food processing methods lack the capability to precisely modulate starch digestion kinetics through internal structural design. Objective: This study systematically investigates how 3D printing filling rates (40%-100%) and multi-layer configurations influence in vitro digestion kinetics and predicted glycemic index (eGI) of starch-based foods. A thematic synthesis of peer-reviewed literature from Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus (2018-2026) was conducted. Structural characterization data and corresponding digestive outcomes were extracted to construct a "structure-digestion" correlation framework. Intermediate filling rates (40%-70%) generate dense gel networks that restrict enzyme diffusion via spatial tortuosity, whereas low filling rates (<40%) accelerate hydrolysis due to elevated specific surface area. Double-layer and gradient structures introduce interface barriers that program "fast-slow" glucose release profiles. Retention of 60%-85% B-type and V-type starch crystals positively correlates with sustained slow digestion. 3D printing enables programmable digestive kinetics through multi-scale structural design. The current reliance on static in vitro models and the absence of standardized predictive frameworks remain critical limitations. Future development of multi-variable predictive algorithms and clinical validations is essential for achieving automated personalized glycemic management.

Biomedical follow-up studies often record the time until an event occurs rather than only whether the event occurs. Because some event times are censored, special survival methods are needed to use incomplete observations correctly. This paper summarizes semiparametric survival models from a biostatistical and mathematical perspective. It begins with right-censored notation and the Cox proportional hazards model, then explains partial likelihood, large-sample justification, and the role of risk sets. The paper next discusses model extensions, including proportional odds, accelerated failure time, transformation models, and likelihood-based semiparametric estimation. A model demonstration using the Veterans' Administration lung cancer data illustrates Kaplan-Meier curves, Cox regression, proportional hazards diagnostics, and AFT comparison. Shorter sections introduce survival quantile regression, competing risks, and cure models to show how the target of inference changes when event structures become more complex. The central argument is that modern survival analysis builds on the Cox framework but must choose the model scale, assumptions, and event structure according to the scientific question.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) represents a critical public health issue in China, with a huge burden falling upon the vast rural populations. COPD may result from the long-term interaction of multiple risk factors, including smoking, occupational or environmental dust, air pollution, infections, and airway hyper-responsiveness, but smoking remains the most significant modifiable risk factor for the development and progression of COPD. This report provides a comprehensive, in-depth analysis of the multifaceted difficulties in achieving smoking cessation among rural populations facing COPD, viewed from the social and behavioral perspective. Through literature review, this report reveals that smoking cessation is not merely a medical challenge but a socio-behavioral dilemma. Major barriers include low health literacy and awareness; social norms that valorize smoking as a tool for social bonds; socioeconomic disparities; nicotine addiction; and the psychological burden and healthcare system barriers. The study proposes potentially effective interventions, such as community-based programs and digital smoking cessation support.