Chronic ultraviolet exposure represents the primary extrinsic factor in premature skin aging, fueling consumer demand for daily facial products that combine photoprotection with active anti aging repair. Retinol, a vitamin A derivative, remains the gold standard agent for diminishing fine lines and enhancing skin texture via epidermal turnover and collagen stimulation. Is inherent instabilities poses a severe challenge to sunscreens as they are intentionally applied under intense sunlight which accelerate retinol degradation. Uncoated metal oxide filters (TiO₂ and ZnO) further aggravate this issue through photo catalytic generation of reactive oxygen species. This proposes that nanoparticles have spatially separated functions: solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) encapsulate retinol and provide controlled release, surface coated metal oxides afford broad-spectrum UV shielding with minimal photocatalysis and fumed silica construct a hydrogen-bonded network for rheology control and a light silky, skin feel. The scientific rationale for each type of particle is elaborated and concluded that all three nanoparticles are indispensable. The finding offers a viable solution to the incompatibility between retinol and UV filters in daily sunscreens, providing a possible foundation for future multifunctional formulation design.

Dysregulation of iron homeostasis and ferroptosis is increasingly implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. Lactotransferrin (LTF) and hepcidin (HAMP) are key regulators of neuronal iron metabolism, but their role in AD-related ferroptosis remains unclear. Bioinformatics analysis of hippocampal RNA-sequencing data from AD patients and healthy controls identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with iron metabolism. SH-SY5Y cells were treated with Aβ oligomers to establish AD cell models and further subjected to siRNA-mediated knockdown of LTF or HAMP. Ferroptosis was evaluated using Fe²⁺ accumulation, lipid reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial morphology, MDA/GSH levels, and the expression of core ferroptosis regulators (GPX4, SLC7A11, ACSL4). Cell viability, LDH release, and apoptosis were also assessed. Bioinformatics analysis revealed LTF and HAMP as key DEGs related to iron homeostasis, potentially linked to ferroptosis in AD. In vitro, Aβ treatment decreased LTF and HAMP expression, induced Fe²⁺ accumulation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage, and ferroptotic cell death. Knockdown of LTF or HAMP further exacerbated these effects, while treatment with the ferroptosis inhibitor Fer-1 partially restored cellular homeostasis and viability. The data suggest a regulatory role of LTF and HAMP in neuronal ferroptosis. Notably, hyper-expression of LTF and HAMP observed in post-mortem AD hippocampal samples likely reflects compensatory negative feedback mechanisms in late-stage disease. LTF and HAMP act as protective modulators against neuronal ferroptosis in AD. Their early downregulation promotes iron overload and oxidative stress, whereas compensatory upregulation in vivo delays ferroptosis. Targeting LTF and HAMP-mediated pathways may provide novel therapeutic strategies for mitigating AD progression.

Bacteria can swim by rotating helical flagella. Their swimming is different from the movement of macroscopic objects because bacteria live at a low Reynolds number. At a low Reynolds number, viscous force is more dominant than inertia. This project investigated how Reynolds number, viscosity, and helical geometry affect bacterial swimming. First, literature related to low-Reynolds-number swimming, flagellum hydrodynamics, bacterial swimming, and helical swimmer geometry was reviewed. Then, a MATLAB model calculated a relative swimming speed as the flagellum's pitch angle was changed. Finally, a larger swimmer was tested with its helix-driven tail rotating in different solutions. The swimmer was fastest in water and slowest in the fluid with the highest resistance. The results support the main hypothesis: increasing resistance decreases the speed of the motor-driven swimmer. The experiment also shows that a helical tail can produce forward motion if drag is unequal along and across the tail.

Thymic carcinoma (TC) is a rare and aggressive malignancy of the anterior mediastinum, with most patients diagnosed at advanced stages due to the absence of characteristic paraneoplastic syndromes. This review systematically synthesizes current evidence on early diagnostic modalities and immunotherapeutic strategies for TC. In diagnosis, imaging (CT, MRI), immunohistochemical markers (CD5/CD117), serum CYFRA 21-1 and circulating tumor DNA each offer distinct advantages, yet all are constrained by suboptimal sensitivity or specificity, and no single method currently enables reliable early detection. Therapeutically, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) as monotherapy yield a limited objective response rate (ORR) of approximately 18.4%, whereas ICI combined with chemotherapy, exemplified by the atezolizumab-carboplatin-paclitaxel regimen, could achieve an ORR of 56.2%, marking a substantial improvement. Notably, the incidence of grade 3-5 immune-related adverse events in TC patients (17.1%) is markedly lower than that in thymoma patients (58.3%), suggesting a more favorable safety profile for immunotherapy in TC. These findings underscore the transformative potential of chemo-immunotherapy as a first-line option for advanced TC, while also highlighting persistent challenges: the absence of validated predictive biomarkers, the limited efficacy of ICI monotherapy, and the lack of large-scale randomized controlled evidence. Future investigations should prioritize biomarker discovery, mechanistic exploration of the TC immune microenvironment, and long-term survival validation of combination regimens.

Asteraceae is a family of angiosperms, many members of which exhibit bioactivities against various carcinomas owing to their rich content of terpenes, terpenoids and flavonoids. Common examples are Artemisinin extracted from plants belonging to the genus Artemisia, and Dehydrocostus lactone extracted from the roots of plants belonging to the genus Aucklandia. This essay focuses on the effect of an extract of Calendula officinalis, a widely distributed plant of the Asteraceae family, commonly used as a natural source of chemicals for medical and supplement development, on liver carcinoma cells and normal fibroblasts for comparison. Hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HepG2 and human fibroblast cell line HFF were used. The CCK-8 cell viability assay was applied to determine the inhibitory effect of the extract on cancerous cells and the promotional effect on HFF cells. The result showed that Calendula officinalis extract has a certain concentration of chemicals with a certain degree of anti-proliferative effect and strong specificity.

Urticaria is common, recurrent, and often managed outside the clinic, where patients must repeatedly localize lesions and apply topical agents themselves. Current AI dermatology systems mainly stop at diagnosis, while dermatologic robots remain procedure-specific and rarely combine reasoning with physical delivery. This paper reports a feasibility study of an integrated topical-therapy pipeline for urticaria. The system combines (i) ResNet-50 U-Net segmentation trained on 98 manually annotated lesion photographs, (ii) 9-point affine hand-eye calibration followed by deterministic boustrophedon coverage planning for a 6-DOF arm, and (iii) a LoRA-adapted Llama-3.2-3B diagnostic interface trained on a 2,752-pair urticaria instruction corpus with per-patient memory for multi-turn allergen-elimination dialogue. The LLM runs in parallel with the actuation chain and does not control the robot's geometric plan. On a benchtop phantom setup, the released artifact achieves held-out Dice 0.810 ± 0.083 on the validation split, sub-millimeter calibration residuals in a representative session, and complete planned coverage of segmented lesion regions. The contribution is not a new segmentation, calibration, planning, or LLM algorithm in isolation, but a reproducible integration of these modules toward autonomous robotic dermatologic care.

Current studies on remediation of eutrophic water by ecological floating beds (EFBs) differ greatly in experimental scales and conditions, resulting in inconsistent purification effects and lacking unified quantitative evaluation criteria. This study conducted a meta-analysis on 104 Chinese and English papers published from 2001 to 2025, covering a total of 3,599 datasets, to quantitatively evaluate the removal efficiencies of EFBs on total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) and chemical oxygen demand (COD). Subgroup analyses were performed based on plant functional types and EFB construction modes, and the effects of key environmental factors were systematically quantified. The results indicated that EFBs can steadily remove TN, TP and COD, with pollutant removal capacity ranked as TP > TN > COD; TN removal showed the highest stability. Floating plants achieved optimal nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiency, emergent plants delivered stable and balanced purification performance, while terrestrial plants exhibited the poorest treatment effect. Composite EFBs equipped with fillers possessed the strongest overall treatment capacity, and mixed-plant EFBs performed better in removing organic pollutants. Operation duration and water temperature positively improved purification efficiency, and temperature exerted the most prominent promoting effect on COD degradation. Initial pollutant concentrations produced differential regulatory effects; elevated dissolved oxygen restrained purification performance, while pH exerted negligible influence. This study quantifies the performance discrepancies of EFBs under various conditions, provides reliable quantitative references for structural optimization and field application of EFBs in eutrophic water treatment, and enriches relevant theories of artificial ecological restoration.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by memory loss. AD is the most common type of dementia, accounting for about 60% to 80% of all dementia cases. Typical pathological features include extracellular β -amyloid protein (Aβ) deposition to form senile plaques, and intracellular hyperphosphorylated tau protein aggregation to form neurofibrillary tangles, and these pathological changes usually begin decades before clinical symptoms appear. More and more evidence shows that sleep disorder appears in the prodromal stage of AD. Sleep spindle wave during NREM sleep is an important electrophysiological oscillation, which is helpful to memory consolidation. This paper systematically integrates the existing research evidence, links the dysfunction of sleep spindle wave with cognitive decline, and introduces the physiological generation of sleep spindle wave and its core role in memory consolidation. We further summarized the characteristic decrease of fast spindle density, duration and σ power in patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease, and clarified how Aβ deposition, tau protein pathology and neuroinflammation interfere with thalamic-cortical circuits, thus causing spindle abnormalities. In addition, this paper also introduces the experimental neural regulation strategy for sleep spindle. This study emphasized the transformation potential of sleep spindle as a non-invasive early biomarker, and provided theoretical support for developing a new dry pre-target for sleep-related Alzheimer's disease.

Coral reefs are one of the most important ecosystems, supporting at least 25% of marine life. However, coral bleaching due to stress decreases reef cover and structure complexity, leading to a reduction of small fish and long-term dearth of fishery productivity. This paper investigates the relationship between the severity of coral bleaching and species diversity of reef-associated swimming organisms, benthic organisms, and corals in two high-risk coral reefs of Phuket, Stonecoral garden (SG) and Ko Pling island (KP). Bleaching severity was quantified through CoralWatch colour scoring, which involved averaging colour differences. These values were compared across coral types using one-way ANOVA with post-hoc Tukey tests, while linear regression was applied to examine the relationship with species richness.. In KP, branching corals showed a significant difference in bleaching (p<0.05) compared to soft and boulder corals. In SG, no significant difference (p>0.05) in coral types was observed. At SG, benthic and swimming species richness decreased with increased coral bleaching, suggesting that coral health and biodiversity are related, though small sample sizes limit statistical inference. These findings suggest that coral morphology affects bleaching severity, and the effects of bleaching severity on species richness are site-dependent, likely reflecting different anthropogenic pressures, with implications for reef health and management in Phuket.

Regenerative medicine largely depends on the clinical use of stem cells which are promise as a new therapeutic paradigm. For any stem cell therapy, large-scale cultivation of the stem cells will be necessary. Nevertheless, the translation of the findings from the bench to the bed will represent a challenging feat. In this review, the author emphasizes the issues related to the current status and difficulties regarding the clinical application of stem cell research. Since the focus of this paper is cultivation of stem cells for clinical purposes, this review has covered hESCs, iPSCs, MSCs, and HSCs. In addition, through this review, the author succeeds in presenting information about the current state of growing and engineering stem cells. This review is concerned with the process of designing cell therapy using modern engineering techniques that have made the translation from stem cell research bench to stem cell clinical bedside an interesting development field. In this study, we address the effects that engineering of the niche by 3D bioreactor, xenogeneic-free media, and genetic manipulation of cells have on clinical outcomes in the context of stem cell therapies for neurological, cardiovascular, orthopedic, and immunological purposes.t on the impact of genomic instability on stem cell quality and the regulatory implications.