Frozen Shoulder (FS), as a common shoulder joint disorder, faces dual challenges of pain control and functional recovery in clinical treatment. This paper systematically reviews the action mechanism and clinical research progress of acupoint injection therapy for FS. Grounded in the meridian-acupoint theory of traditional Chinese medicine and modern pharmacological studies, acupoint injection combined with other therapies exerts effects of inhibiting inflammatory factors and fibrosis, regulating bone metabolism and nerve function, and improves the living status of FS patients. Supported by modern technologies, ultrasound guidance and transmission electron microscopy enable more precise research and clinical application of acupoint injection. However, current studies still have limitations such as insufficient standardization of acupoint selection and unclear mechanism of drug compatibility. Future work should deepen mechanism exploration through multicenter trials and animal models to promote the development of acupoint injection therapy.

Poor dietary adherence contributes to malnutrition in community-dwelling older adults. This qualitative evidence synthesis aimed to identify barriers and facilitators to healthy dietary adherence among community-dwelling older adults using the COM-B model and to map barriers to Behaviour Change Wheel intervention functions and Behaviour Change Techniques. PubMed, CINAHL and PsycINFO were searched from May 2021 to May 2026. Studies were included if they reported qualitative data on barriers or facilitators to everyday dietary behaviour in community-dwelling adults aged 60 years and older. Data were synthesised using a deductive framework synthesis based on the COM-B model. GRADE-CERQual was used to assess confidence in review findings. Across the included studies, the most frequently reported barrier was lack of nutritional knowledge and difficulty understanding or applying nutrition information, followed by long-standing eating habits, emotional attachment to food, and emotional eating. Key facilitators included encouragement and support from family members, friends, caregivers, or research teams, as well as concerns about burdening children, desire to maintain health, attention to body shape, and positive health feedback. All four core findings had moderate CERQual confidence. Based on these findings, priority interventions should target psychological capability through education and training, and automatic motivation through habit substitution and reducing emotional eating.

The prevalence of obesity rises rapidly worldwide and evolves into a severe public health crisis endangering human health. Unbalanced dietary patterns act as a critical modifiable factor governing the onset and progression of obesity. The high-fibre dietary pattern, a wholesome eating regimen centered on naturally fibre-rich foods, delivers pronounced benefits in weight management and metabolic wellness. Existing studies verify that elevated dietary fibre intake effectively boosts satiety, cuts total energy intake, slows postprandial glucose absorption, lifts insulin sensitivity, reshapes intestinal microbiota composition, and stimulates short-chain fatty acid synthesis. Multiple pathways therefore alleviate metabolic abnormalities linked to obesity. Nevertheless, most current investigations focus solely on effects of isolated fibre supplements. Comprehensive summaries and mechanistic syntheses regarding holistic, structured high-fibre dietary patterns remain insufficient. Larger-scale, long-term cohort studies and personalized nutritional intervention trials are required in future analyses to develop targeted high-fibre dietary tactics. This paper systematically reviews the definition and core traits of high-fibre dietary patterns, classifications and food origins of dietary fibre, physiological mechanisms underlying weight regulation, clinical evidence, and practical guidance. Evidence-based references for nutritional intervention among obese populations are thereby supplied.

The diagnosis of Parkinson's disease (PD) is often delayed due to over-reliance on motor manifestations, despite the fact that pathological changes including abnormal aggregation of alpha-synuclein (α-syn) and progressive dopaminergic neuronal loss in the substantia nigra pars compacta begin years before overt symptoms emerge. This interval, termed the prodromal phase, represents a critical window for potential intervention. This review summarizes the application value of non-motor symptoms (NMS) and their biomarkers in prodromal identification. Evidence on four NMS categories, namely isolated rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (iRBD), autonomic dysfunction, sensory impairment, and neuropsychiatric symptoms, is synthesized. Fluid biomarkers including cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) α-syn seed amplification assay, plasma proteins, and urine proteins, as well as neuroimaging tools including magnetic resonance imaging striatal metrics and meta-iodobenzylguanidine scintigraphy, are evaluated. The findings indicate that while iRBD and CSF α-syn seed amplification assay offer strong predictive value, no single modality suffices for reliable prodromal screening. A multi-modal strategy combining clinical symptoms, fluid markers, and imaging data appears more promising. By consolidating dispersed evidence across subspecialties, this review aims to offer clinicians and researchers an integrated reference for selecting and refining early detection strategies.

Body weight, glycemia, lipids and blood pressure are interconnected factors of metabolic syndrome, which is a public health problem worldwide and, therefore, should be managed in an integrated way. Intermittent fasting (IF) is gaining more and more popularity as a potential non-pharmacological approach. This review brings up to date evidence for the effects of major IF methods, such as time-restricted eating (TRE), alternate-day fasting (ADF) and weekly/fasting methods (e.g. 5:2 and 4:3) on major indicators of metabolic syndrome. The majority of IF diets tend to be weight loss diets, with ADF and 5:2/4:3 having more impact on weight loss than TRE, though ADF might lead to more lean mass loss amongst normal weight individuals. Glycemic effects are better established in overweight/obese people and in patients with prediabetes or type 2 diabetes but the studies in metabolically healthy people are inconsistent. The lipid response seems to be regimen dependent; 5:2 with meal replacement is favourable for triglyceride reduction, ADF may be more beneficial in reducing total cholesterol and LDL-C and TRE may be more favourable in increasing HDL-C, while the blood pressure response is less consistent, with most short- to medium-term studies showing limited results. IF in general can be helpful in the management of metabolic syndrome, but dependent on the regimen, outcome and population. There is still a need for long-term high-quality studies.

Stroke is a main reason for long-term disability globally, motor and cognitive impairments appear after stroke, which can reduce quality of life for patients and makes the rehabilitation process become more complex, new auxiliary tools are needed. Non-invasive brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) are promising tools to help stroke rehabilitation. BCI combined with functional electrical stimulation (BCI-FES) is used in many studies. Transcranial electrical stimulation-assisted BCI (BCI-TES) is another method. Virtual reality-integrated BCI (BCI-VR) shows good potential. This paper analysis the working mechanisms, clinical efficacy and limitations of these methods, and then multidimensional comparison is conducted which covers applicable populations, user tolerance, equipment performance and also the clinical evidence from existing studies to give full picture of current status. The results show that each paradigm has its own advantages for different patient groups. BCI-FES can help muscle reanimation for severe paresis. BCI-TES is expected to enhance cortical excitability in the early subacute stage. BCI-VR provides immersive task training, which can improve rehabilitation outcomes for mild impairments. It is stratified and phase-adaptive, and can guide the combination of individualized modalities and sequential intervention across stroke recovery stages. Future research directions including intelligent adaptive optimization, hybrid system integration, remote rehabilitation, unified evaluation criteria and large-scale clinical trials, and these efforts can help the clinical translation of BCI rehabilitation technologies so that more patients can benefit from these new methods in hospitals and home settings.

The rapid digitization of healthcare in China has created a critical tension: digital health technologies hold substantial promise for improving type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) self-management, yet the digital literacy required to use these tools remains severely underdeveloped among the elderly in rural Southwest China. This review examines the impact of digital literacy on T2DM self-management through a health equity lens. Methods: A narrative review synthesizing evidence from 26 studies was conducted, encompassing cross-sectional surveys, randomized controlled trials (RCTs), systematic reviews, and mixed-methods evaluations published between 2020 and 2026. Results: Findings reveal that digital health literacy among rural elderly populations falls substantially below adequate thresholds—with pronounced disparities by gender, income, and education level. Critically, a dose-response relationship between digital engagement intensity and glycemic outcomes was identified, whereby only sustained active users derived significant clinical benefit (risk ratio 1.37). Multi-level determinants spanning individual, interpersonal, community, and structural levels shape digital literacy trajectories. Conclusions: Digital literacy functions as a decisive gatekeeper skill mediating the equitable distribution of digital health benefits. Targeted interventions—including validated screening, structured training programs, peer education models, and culturally adapted technology design—are urgently needed to prevent the digital health revolution from exacerbating existing health disparities among China's most vulnerable populations.

In active patients aged between 18 and 40, a focal knee cartilage defect is primarily a problem of decades-long joint preservation. However, the longest randomised follow-up covers only about 15 years, far short of these patients' remaining joint lifespan. Current pathways select treatment mainly according to lesion size and depth. We propose, as a hypothesis-level decision framework, an age-aware, mechanics-first hierarchy comprising three interacting layers: Layer 1, mechanical prerequisites (limb alignment, meniscal integrity, ligamentous stability, and the opposing surface); Layer 2, rehabilitation feasibility; and Layer 3, technique selection according to lesion morphology, spanning microfracture, AMIC, OATS, MACI and OCA. One direct signal, the correlation between limb alignment and autologous chondrocyte implantation graft survival, together with convergent but indirect evidence, suggests that long-term durability may depend more on the mechanical environment than on a technique's cellular complexity. It is concluded that this is a testable hypothesis rather than an established fact. The supporting comparisons are drawn across heterogeneous cohorts, and the rehabilitation-capacity prompt is unvalidated. The framework's contribution is to move the determinants of joint-preservation upstream of technique choice and to motivate trials with follow-up durations that match these patients' remaining joint lifespan.

Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) G12C mutations represent the most common driver alterations in non-small cell lung cancer and were long considered "undruggable" due to the lack of a suitable binding pocket on the protein surface. Recent structural breakthroughs have identified the Switch-II allosteric pocket, facilitating the development and clinical application of several covalent inhibitors—including Sotorasib, Adagrasib, and Divarasib—which have substantially improved outcomes for patients harboring this mutation. However, primary and acquired resistance remain major obstacles to long-term efficacy, with resistance mechanisms involving RTK-mediated adaptive signaling reactivation, aberrant PI3K–AKT–mTOR pathway activation, secondary genetic alterations, and other factors. Moreover, intratumoral heterogeneity, characterized by the coexistence of sensitive and resistant subclones, further complicates therapeutic responses. To overcome these challenges, combination strategies have become a major research focus, including the pairing of KRAS G12C inhibitors with immune checkpoint inhibitors, RTK-targeted agents, SHP2 inhibitors, or MEK inhibitors, aiming to block escape pathways and enhance antitumor immunity. Future directions emphasize optimizing combination regimens, exploring personalized immunotherapy, and developing next‑generation inhibitors to prolong survival. This review systematically summarizes the molecular mechanisms driving KRAS G12C‑mutant lung cancer, clinical applications of targeted drugs, resistance and heterogeneity challenges, and progress in combination therapy, providing a reference for clinical decision‑making and further research in this field.

As a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, Alzheimer's disease (AD) currently lacks curative treatments. Recent studies have demonstrated that gut dysbiosis modulates neuroimmune and metabolic pathways via the gut–brain axis and plays a pivotal role in AD pathological progression, which opens up new avenues for nutritional intervention. This paper systematically reviews multiple nutritional intervention strategies based on gut microecology regulation, including probiotics, prebiotics, polyphenolic antioxidants, omega‑3 fatty acids, and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). Such interventions exert certain protective effects by modulating gut microbiota composition, alleviating neuroinflammation, preserving blood‑brain barrier integrity, and slowing cognitive decline. Although existing clinical investigations have yielded several positive outcomes, the field is still confronted with prominent limitations such as high heterogeneity of intervention regimens, short follow‑up durations, small sample sizes, and inconsistent biomarkers and detection criteria. These drawbacks result in low levels of evidence, making it difficult to directly guide clinical practice. Furthermore, factors including poor patient adherence and interference from comorbidities and concomitant medications hinder the stable evaluation of intervention efficacy. Future research should rely on long‑term, multicenter, large‑sample randomized controlled trials (RCTs), combined with integrated multi‑omics analysis and individualized stratification strategies, to identify the most effective intervention combinations and their applicable populations. This review elaborates on mechanisms underlying the gut-brain axis, major nutritional intervention strategies, available clinical evidence, and prevailing challenges, aiming to provide references for subsequent research and translational applications in this field.