Small-molecule probes are functional organic compounds of simple structure that can selectively recognize and report changes in specific biochemical molecules within the intracellular space. In recent years, with the rapid evolution of chemical biology, rationally designed small - molecule probes have become important tools for dissecting complex cellular signaling networks. For example, when it was the 1980s, Roger Y's laboratory. Tsiendeveloped calcium ion (Ca2+) indicators such as BAPTA and Fura‑2, which pioneered Ca2+imaging technologies; Pan and colleagues emphasized in a recent review that progress over the past decade has been remarkable and that probes have been widely applied to the study of proteins, signaling pathways, and drug–target interactions.The present review comprehensively summarizes the definition and design fundamentals of small-molecule probes, paying attention to the structural design of the recognition moiety, reporter element, and linker area. It then studies major probe kinds, such as imaging probes, activity - based (active - site) probes, and bioorthogonal probes, together with representative cases. At last, it looks into the progress made in using small - molecule probes in kinase - related, Ca2+and redox signaling pathways. By arranging representative studies and commenting on them, this review points up the value of small‑molecule probes in bioimaging, proteomics, and biomarker discovery, and gives an outlook on emerging trends and challenges in probe technology.

DNA hydrogels are programmable 3D networks that integrate molecular recognition modules (aptamers, DNAzymes, CRISPR) to translate binding events into macroscopic material responses. The central challenge is reliably amplifying these events into quantifiable changes within complex biological matrices. Sensor behavior is governed by coupled factors: material thresholding (gel–sol transition boundaries), pore architecture and mass transport, matrix interference (nucleases, proteins, ionic strength), and readout modality constraints. This review analyzes key scientific questions connecting molecular recognition to signal transduction. We summarize progress in construction routes, functionalization strategies, biosensing applications, and principal bottlenecks in complex samples. Priority directions for clinical translation include thin-film CRISPR geometries with distance readout, wireless integration for longitudinal monitoring, and standardized matrix validation frameworks. Ultimately, translation requires not only low detection limits but also reproducible manufacturing, robust real-matrix operation, and explicit mapping between hydrogel responses and clinically relevant biomarker ranges.

This article focuses on environmentally friendly biomass rice husk. As a widely available and sustainable agricultural waste, rice husk has shown great potential in the preparation of high-performance carbon-based catalytic materials. A series of technological process adopted to use rice husk biochar as the carrier for loading metals. Regulating and controlling CO₂ products by using different metals. The rice husk biochar-based metal catalysts have demonstrated the adsorption and catalytic mechanisms in the reduction of CO₂. These catalysts can effectively promote the conversion of CO₂ into high-value chemicals and fuels, providing a green pathway for resource utilization. Rice husk biochar-based metal catalysts still have disadvantages in regulation accuracy and long-term stability. With the development of technology and artificial intelligence, the application scope of this catalyst will be broadened, and the catalyst process will be further optimized. It has application potential in industrial waste gas treatment, agricultural carbon sequestration, and soil fertility improvement. In the future, further research on structure design and performance modification will help overcome current limitations. Contribute to carbon neutrality in the whole world.

Biomass pyrolysis has great application potential in the high-value utilization of renewable carbon resources. The microstructure of biochar formed during pyrolysis is jointly affected by the composition of raw materials and pyrolysis conditions, and is further related to the formation of carbon stability. This paper focuses on the main line of "raw material composition - pyrolysis process - structural evolution - carbon stability", summarizes the pyrolysis differences and interactions of the three major components of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin, and also analyzes the regulatory effects of pyrolysis temperature, heating rate, residence time and raw material composition on the structural evolution of biochar. On this basis, the variation characteristics of the carbon skeleton, pore structure and surface functional groups, as well as the chemical connotation and evaluation methods of carbon stability, were summarized. Overall, the growth of aromatic structure, the reduction of oxygen-containing functional groups and the high condensation of carbon skeleton will have a more direct impact on the formation of stable carbon, while the pyrolysis of lignin and the high-temperature aromatization process are usually more closely related to the formation of highly stable biochar. In the future, further research on the quantitative correlation between structural parameters and long-term stability is still needed.

Hypertension remains a serious public health issue worldwide because of its strong association with cardiovascular disease and premature mortality. Although body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) are commonly used indicators of obesity, they do not always capture differences in fat distribution. This study examined whether Body Roundness Index (BRI), a newer measure of body shape, is associated with hypertension among U.S. adults. The analysis used data from the 2017–2020 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). After excluding participants with incomplete demographic, anthropometric, or blood pressure data, 5,729 individuals were included. Multivariable logistic regression was applied to evaluate the association between BRI and hypertension while controlling for demographic, socioeconomic, and lifestyle characteristics. The results showed that individuals in the highest BRI quartile were more likely to have hypertension than those in the lowest quartile, even after adjustment for potential confounders. Overall, the findings indicate that BRI may be a useful marker for identifying hypertension risk in population-based research.

Digital Health Interventions (DHIs), including telehealth, mobile health applications, wearable sensors, and web platforms, are increasingly used to support chronic disease management. These technologies are intended to improve continuity of care, self-management, and outcomes for people with long-term conditions. Recent shifts toward remote and hybrid care have highlighted the potential of DHIs to maintain service continuity when access barriers arise. However, meaningful and lasting use of DHIs in chronic disease care is still limited. This paper provides a clear review of qualitative and theoretical studies about how DHIs work, how users experience them, and what blocks implementation. The main ways DHIs work include feedback and monitoring, reminders and simple support, clearer information sharing between patients and clinicians, and behaviour-support tools. Studies also show that users often focus on engagement, trust, usefulness, and the treatment burden of new tools. Common implementation problems include poor usability, unequal access to devices, data privacy concerns, clinician staffing limits, and weak long-term evidence. The paper recommends co-design, reducing patient workload, fitting tools into clinical workflows, promoting fair access, and using mixed-methods evaluation. The review helps researchers, clinicians, and policymakers develop DHI approaches that work better and reach people fairly.

With the growing demand for low energy consumption and carbon reduction, the application of organic waste composite thermal insulation materials in building energy efficiency has become more practically significant. Therefore, this paper investigates the multiapplication caused by performance differences of various composite materials, and classifies organic waste composite thermal insulation materials into three types: super-insulation, intrinsic flame-retardant insulation, and non-load-bearing structural insulation. These three types take super thermal insulation, intrinsic flame retardancy, and mechanical load-bearing capacity as the core capability, and apply in different scenarios respectively. Future research should focus on the intrinsic flame retardancy of organic wastes, development of green flame retardants, hydrophobic modification strategies, and the establishment of application-oriented systematic evaluation systems. These research measures will enable organic waste composite materials to maintain relatively excellent thermal insulation performance while enhancing their sustainability, flame retardancy, and other properties, so as to adapt to various construction projects and replace most traditional insulation materials.

The development of the digital industry and the growing embrace of green development have driven the advancement of high-performance, low-cost green batteries. As an electrode material, biochar boasts diverse raw sources, excellent stability and low cost, endowing it with significant application value in both electric double-layer and pseudocapacitive energy storage systems. Oxygen-containing functional groups in biochar serve as a key factor in tuning the chemical properties, safety and cycling stability of capacitors. Their content, type and distribution directly determine the performance of the devices. This paper systematically reviews the origin, regulation strategies and structure-activity relationships of oxygen-containing functional groups in biochar, with a focus on the effects of inherent feedstock components, pyrolysis conditions and oxidative modification on such groups. It clarifies the dual regulation and critical points of oxygen-containing functional groups in capacitors. By comparing the impacts of various oxygen-containing functional groups (OFGs), the mechanism and contradictory effects governing capacitor performance are revealed. The conflict between capacitance enhancement and compromised cycling stability is addressed through a B/N/P ternary co-doping strategy, aiming to explore future development pathways and achieve a balanced progress toward high capacity, high efficiency and long cycle life.This work systematically summarizes the origin, regulatory mechanisms and dual-regulation behavior of oxygen-containing functional groups, and outlines future development directions consistent with the green development philosophy. It holds important research significance for realizing low-cost, high-performance energy storage.

Soil pollution by heavy metals has become an urgent problem, and we should develop some efficient methods for remediation. Phytoremediation is an environmentally friendly and gentle remediation technology, which uses plants to remove or stabilise pollutants in soil. However, it also has some disadvantages, such as low biomass production and poor heavy metal uptake. Moreover, plants themselves are very sensitive to heavy metal pollution, which affects their growth. Biochar, which is produced by the pyrolysis of biomass under low oxygen conditions, has a strong ability to adsorb heavy metals through physical adsorption and other mechanisms. It also has a positive effect on improving soil properties and enhancing the efficiency of phytoremediation. This essay hopes to summarise the current research on the interaction mechanisms between biochar and heavy metals, the effects of biochar on the improvement of phytoremediation, and provide a future research guideline for the sustainable use of biochar in the remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soil.

Anaerobic fermentation of food waste for methane production can help realize waste resource utilization and the "dual carbon" targets. We examine biochemical process and technology development of this method in full detail, covering how reaction happens at each stage and how equipment has changed over time. Also, we look at how key parameters affect methane production. It is worth noting that carbon-nitrogen ratio and temperature, together with external additives, can change efficiency in different ways. The results show that co-fermentation substrate adjustment and carbon-based material addition can avoid system acidification, and directional control of microbial community is expected to improve gas production stability. Current studies focus on single factor control and verification in laboratory scale, which makes it hard to apply in practice. Future work should examine multi-factor coupling mechanisms. Also, we should push results from lab to actual engineering applications. This review tries to build systematic knowledge framework for this field. In fact, results can be used as reference for large-scale application and process optimization of food waste anaerobic fermentation technology.