Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a severe degenerative neurological disease which leads to progressive cognitive decline and memory impairment. We have affirmed amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and tau tangles as the primary pathological hallmarks for a long time. However, many therapeutic approaches have found out that both Aβ and tau alone have achieved little success. Increasing evidence indicates that the neuroinflammation, which primarily related with microglia and astrocytes, takes the central role of causing and exacerbating the disease. Microglia and astrocytes not only respond to Aβ and tau but also control their accumulation, propagation, and associated neurotoxicity. They are also influenced by a kind ofrisky gene related to late-onset AD calls ApoE, which can further modulate them by regulating lipid metabolism and glial responses. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the roles of microglia, astrocytes, Aβ, tau, and ApoE in AD, emphasizing their interconnected contributions to pathogenesis and therapeutic opportunities.

Biodegradable polymer scaffolds are an important research direction in the field of tissue engineering. Their temporary support, controlled degradation, and biocompatibility overcome the limitations of traditional implants, such as permanent retention. In the field of cardiac tissue engineering, BRS and PGS/PLA electrospun scaffolds have shown potential in myocardial repair and vascular regeneration, but balancing degradation rates and mechanical properties remains challenging. In the field of bone tissue engineering, interface-enhanced ternary blends and PCL/HA composite scaffolds enhance bone defect repair outcomes by optimising the strength-toughness balance and osteogenic differentiation capacity. For neural tissue engineering, fibrinogen-modified PCL and PLA-based scaffolds enhance cell adhesion and neural regeneration capacity, aiding in the treatment of neurological disorders. Such scaffolds, with PEDOT-POCO scaffolds as an example, also show application potential in bladder tissue engineering. Natural and synthetic polymers have their respective advantages and disadvantages as scaffold materials, making hybrid materials a key development direction. Future trends will lean toward biomimetic, intelligent, and personalised designs, but challenges remain in matching material properties with tissue requirements and achieving clinical translation.