Although beautiful in delicacy, butterflies live in a world full of danger and are often threatened by birds, spiders, and other enemies. In order to cope with these dangers and enhance the ability of survival and reproduction of butterfly species themselves, butterflies have adopted complex strategies in development and have developed a series of anti-predator behaviors. The article will mainly introduce several strategies used by butterflies, such as camouflage color, evasive flight, warning color, chemical defense, mimicry, and group strategies. Their behavior patterns affect the chance of them being caught by their enemies, and affect the learning behavior of enemies and ecological factors. Through introducing and describing these strategies used by butterflies to deal with enemies, people will be better able to feel and understand the strategy for survival created by the weak through long-term evolution under natural selection and the importance of diverse butterfly features on ecological balance and diversity.

Microbial fermentation technology plays a vital role in tea processing. By decomposing and transforming tea components, it enhances the flavor and taste of tea while producing a variety of beneficial nutrients. These transformations significantly improve the overall quality of tea and enhance its health-promoting value. This paper reviews the working mechanisms of microbial fermentation technology from the perspectives of different types of fermentative microorganisms and varying fermentation conditions. Particular attention is given to the roles and mechanisms of bacteria, yeasts, molds, and other microorganisms during the tea fermentation process. Furthermore, the effects of fermentation time, temperature, and environmental factors on tea quality are discussed. Through this analysis, the study aims to provide new insights and technical support for optimizing tea fermentation processes, improving the quality of fermented tea beverages, and innovatively developing functional tea products.

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have become well-known innovative devices for their high power conversion efficiency with low manufacturing cost compared to others. However, several drawbacks illustrate their great potential of improving more. In recent years, graphene and its derivatives have been introduced into PSCs to improve charge transport, defect passivation, and environmental durability. This article compares the performance of perovskite devices before and after the incorporation of graphene; analyzes its role in the charge transport layer, perovskite absorber layer, and electrodes; and discusses the present challenges and future potential of using graphene-based perovskite photovoltaic systems.

Urban wastewater treatment plants are a non-trivial source of carbon emissions. To characterize and reduce those emissions in practice, we quantified plant-level profiles, isolated the dominant sources, and designed staged mitigation pathways. We first screened 54 plants across China, then selected seven representative facilities—spanning heterogeneous grid mixes and treatment trains—for in-depth case analysis. Using a comprehensive accounting framework aligned with IPCC guidance and sector standards, we covered electricity use, chemical consumption, and direct releases of CH₄ and N₂O. Across the seven cases, carbon-emission intensity—total CO₂-equivalent per cubic meter of treated water—ranged from 0.333 to 0.956 kg CO₂e/m³ (mean 0.550 kg CO₂e/m³). Electricity use emerged as the largest contributor (on average 40% of total emissions), with intensity modulated by regional grid structure and by process configuration. Advanced treatment trains improved effluent quality yet raised energy demand and associated emissions. By contrast, plant form (above-ground vs. underground) was not determinative; structural effects can be offset where clean energy adoption and operational tuning are in place. Reaching carbon-neutral operation therefore calls for an integrated strategy and a phased rollout. We center the roadmap on three measures: (i) unlocking energy-saving potential through equipment modernization, (ii) enabling precise emission control via advanced process optimization, and (iii) facilitating renewable substitution through on-site energy recovery. Together, these steps support a transition from high-energy treatment facilities toward low-carbon, energy-symbiotic systems.

​Rice, as one of the world's top three staple food crops, sustains the lives of over half the global population. However, its production systems face multiple challenges, including population growth, sharp reductions in arable land, climate change, and increasing pest and disease pressures, making ensuring global food security an increasingly urgent need. In response, rice breeding technologies have undergone a profound transformation from empirical accumulation to scientific design. The core of this evolution is represented by the iterative upgrading of hybrid rice technology systems: from the three-line system reliant on specific cytoplasmic sources, to the two-line system that utilizes environment-sensitive male sterile lines to broaden the parental gene pool but is constrained by environmental stability, culminating in the third-generation technology. This latest phase is based on gene editing tools like CRISPR/Cas9 to create intelligent male sterile lines that are genetically stable and environment-independent, achieving a fundamental shift from "utilizing natural sterile resources" to "artificially designing sterile lines." Concurrently, the rise of molecular breeding technologies, such as marker-assisted selection (MAS) and genomic selection (GS), has shifted the breeding process from traditional phenotypic selection to precise genotypic selection, significantly improving selection efficiency and shortening breeding cycles. Nevertheless, current breeding practices still face technical bottlenecks, including difficulties in deciphering the genetics of complex quantitative traits, off-target risks associated with gene editing, and inherent trade-offs (e.g., between stress resistance and high yield). Furthermore, socio-ethical challenges such as public acceptance, policy regulations, and gaps in global germplasm resource collaboration persist. Looking ahead, synergistic innovation that integrates cutting-edge technologies—such as multi-omics big data, artificial intelligence predictive models, and whole-genome design breeding—will be the key pathway for developing a new generation of resource-efficient, climate-smart rice varieties and, ultimately, achieving sustainable food security.

Bats (Chiroptera) are the only mammals capable of true flight and rely heavily on echolocation for navigation, foraging, and predator avoidance in nocturnal environments. However, the mechanisms of echolocation signal regulation, its coevolution with morphology and ecology, and adaptive strategies under acoustic interference remain to be systematically integrated. This paper uses a literature review method to synthesize findings from 14 studies, exploring three core aspects: the structural and functional characteristics of the echolocation system, ecological and evolutionary drivers of signal diversity, and adaptive regulatory strategies under acoustic interference. The paper concludes that bat echolocation systems exhibit high plasticity—Constant Frequency-Frequency Modulation bats (e.g., Rhinolophus ferrumequinum) adjust call components via Doppler shift compensation, while FM bats (e.g., Eptesicus fuscus) modify frequency and amplitude to avoid interference; echolocation signals coevolve with body size (forearm length) and jaw morphology, reflecting foraging niche differentiation; and anthropogenic noise and conspecific calls drive species-specific regulatory behaviors, with rural bats more sensitive to high-frequency insect noise and urban bats dominated by low-frequency anthropogenic noise. These findings provide a comprehensive framework for understanding bat sensory adaptation and inform conservation strategies for noise-affected bat populations.

As a new type of persistent pollutant, microplastics pose significant ecological risks to both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems and have become an imminent global environmental problem. These particles infiltrate the food chain through a complex process of transmediated migration, entering the bodies of organisms with high nutrient levels, including humans, through respiration and diet. Despite the urgency of the situation, the assessment of the health risks of microplastics is still in its early stages. In particular, the systematic understanding of the "trans-media migration-bioaccumulation" relationship is limited, and studies focusing on a single environmental medium are difficult to fully reveal exposure pathways and health impact chains. This paper systematically reviews recent advances in environmental monitoring, laboratory simulations, and epidemiological research. It aims to track the migration patterns of microplastics in water, soil and atmospheric environments through in vitro cell experiments and animal model studies, analyze the bioaccumulation and amplification of microplastics in the plant and animal food chain, and explore the toxicological mechanism of microplastics. Studies have shown that microplastics can spread globally through cross-vector migration, gradually accumulate in organisms, and exhibit food chain amplification effects. Long-term exposure to microplastics can cause chronic damage to key organs in the body, such as the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Therefore, controlling microplastic pollution is a complex systemic challenge that urgently requires multi-dimensional, cross-disciplinary synergistic strategies and global cooperation.

As times now go on, health awareness has raised, however mental health problems in crowded city environments have grown more. Depression is a severe disorder and important indicator of mental health, now it’s a public health concern related to urbanization. This paper looks at how various kinds of residential built environment factors affect people’s health awareness and depression lev-els and also looks at how health awareness can be a reason for something. According to 775 ques-tionnaires collected in the main urban area of Zhengzhou, multiple linear regression and mediation effect analysis were conducted. Depression was judged with the HADS questionnaire and health awareness through a survey questionnaire, Results show that: (1) Green view ratio raises depres-sion but NDVI and average building height lessen it. (2) Green view ratio, green space quantity, and road network density bring about higher health awareness, concurrently fewer people, sky openness, transit stations, and walkability also improve health awareness. (3) Health awareness acts as a mediator linking improved environmental elements like greenness, streets, and vegetation, to lower depressive illnesses. On contrast, it also explained how certain specific urban arrangement like abundant foliage, a lot of open sky, concentrated residential pattern, pedestrian-friendly infra-structure, a lot of public transport hubs etc. associated itself with higher level of depressive symp-toms This study proves that improving the residential built environment can lead to better mental health both directly and indirectly as a result of health awareness.

The study aimed to develop and evaluate a novel denture adhesive patch based on catechol-functionalized polyvinyl alcohol (Cat-PVA), inspired by mussel adhesion mechanisms, to overcome the limitations of conventional denture adhesives and improve denture retention under moist and dynamic oral conditions. An edentulous jaw model with complete dentures was employed to compare Cat-PVA adhesives with a commercial product (Polident®). Biocompatibility was investigated using human gingival epithelial cells (HGECs) with CCK-8 assays. Spectroscopic analysis confirmed successful catechol incorporation, with a dose-dependent increase in catechol content. Cat-PVA adhesives exhibited significantly higher tensile and shear adhesion compared with unmodified PVA (P < 0.05). Cat-PVA3 denture adhesive demonstrated the strongest adhesion, maintaining nearly complete retention for 8 h under simulated saliva flow, while showing controlled degradation (~80% at 8 h). In the complete denture model, Cat-PVA3 achieved significantly greater tensile and shear bond strengths than Polident®(P < 0.05). Cat-PVA3 exhibited optimal performance, combining robust adhesion, prolonged retention, controlled disintegration, and excellent biocompatibility.  Cat-PVA patches represent a promising, clinically translatable bioinspired strategy for denture fixation.

Increasing evidence indicates that the vaginal microbiota (VMB) is closely associated with the development and progression of cervical diseases. Alterations in microbial composition have been observed across different stages of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), and cervical cancer. In healthy individuals, the VMB is typically dominated by Lactobacillus species, which contribute to the maintenance of an acidic environment and local immune balance. In contrast, vaginal dysbiosis is characterized by a reduction in Lactobacillus and an increased abundance of anaerobic bacteria, accompanied by elevated pH, disruption of epithelial barriers, and persistent inflammatory responses. Clinical and sequencing studies have reported that enrichment of specific bacterial genera, including Sneathia and Fusobacterium, is more frequently detected in high-grade cervical lesions, suggesting a potential association with disease severity. These microbial shifts may facilitate persistent HPV infection and promote lesion progression through multiple biological pathways. In addition, emerging evidence suggests that modulation of the VMB, particularly through probiotic supplementation with Lactobacillus crispatus, may support HPV clearance and improve microbial stability in early disease stages. By integrating findings from recent studies, this review outlines the dynamic changes of key microbial taxa during cervical disease progression and discusses their potential clinical relevance. These observations provide a quantitative reference for future investigations and highlight the possible value of microbiome-based strategies in cervical disease risk assessment and management.