The Hubble tension—the significant discrepancy between the measured values ​​of the Hubble constant (H₀) in the early and late universes—poses a fundamental challenge to the existing cosmological paradigm. This paper explores the local void hypothesis, which proposes that the Milky Way resides within a massive Kinan-Bage-Cowi (KBC) void, and attempts to explain the Hubble tension. By integrating multi-wavelength galaxy surveys with cosmological simulations, the gravitational effects of the void are systematically analyzed. The study focuses on elucidating how anomalous outward velocities caused by underdense regions distort the redshift-distance relationship, leading to artificially inflated estimates of local H₀. Furthermore, using baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) data, this paper conducts a multi-faceted comparative test of predictions from homogeneous universe models and those based on voids. The ultimate goals include rigorously assessing the feasibility of voids in resolving the Hubble tension, thoroughly analyzing their broad implications for large-scale homogeneity hypotheses, and demonstrating the necessity of incorporating local structure into precision cosmological studies.

Image reconstruction under random pixel loss has a significant role in applications such as medical imaging, remote sensing, and lossy transmission. This paper explored the image restoration problem based on the Bernoulli-dropped image, where every pixel has the probability of p to be kept and (1-p) to be removed. This paper modeled the task as a supervised learning problem, utilizing a simple U-Net model (comprising three encoders and decoders) that incorporates skip connections to integrate multi-scale context information and spatial details for image restoration. In this paper, the DIV2K dataset (800 images, grayscale) is applied to the retention rate Random mask with p = 0.3 to generate an observed image that matches its original. The training used the mean square error as the loss function. The result reveals that the model is able to achieve a relatively clear reconstruction effect under the condition of a single input image. It can better preserve edge and texture information, compared to the traditional baseline method. In the end, this paper discusses the issue of choosing and discarding in the network design. Meanwhile, it points out the limitation in extreme pixel loss. At the same time, in the future, potential optimization paths were also mentioned in terms of the improvement of the loss function, the attention mechanism, and the expansion of color images.

Gate-stacked double-gate (DG) MOSFETs, featuring a thin SiO₂ interfacial layer combined with high-k dielectrics, improve electrostatics, suppress leakage, and mitigate short-channel effects, enhancing the performance implication. They are promising for low-power electronics, high-performance computing, and biosensing. Conventional MOSFET scaling faces critical bottlenecks, as high-k dielectrics alone suffer from leakage and interface issues. At the same time, structural innovations such as FinFETs cannot fully suppress short-channel effects at advanced nodes. GAA demonstrates good performance, but costs excessively. This work innovatively proposes co-optimizing materials (Al₂O₃, HfO₂, La₂O₃) and structures (strain engineering, dual-material gates, multigate topologies) in gate-stacked double-gate (DG) MOSFETs, integrating high-k stacks with multigate architectures to reinforce electrostatics and scalability. Such synergy ensures enhanced performance while meeting the dual demands of low-power electronics, high-performance computing, and emerging biosensing applications.

This paper investigates bijections on a group G that arise from products of the form f(x)g(x), a problem that is centrally connected to the concept of a complete mapping. We introduce the notion of a “chain-k mapping” to analyze the structure of certain full-cycle permutations and explore the relationship between complete mappings and the spectral properties of their associated permutation matrices. Key results include a proof that the cyclic group Z/nZ admits a complete mapping if and only if n is odd, and a characterization of the cycle structures of permutations σ for which the maps id+σ and id−σ are automorphisms of a specific vector subspace. This work establishes a connection between combinatorial group theory and the eigenvalue theory of permutation matrices, viewed through the novel lens of “(-1)-elliptic elements”. We will begin with the motivation that led to this study, and look at problems including elliptic elements and complete mappings over finite fields.

This paper primarily describes two experiments related to the numerical solution of the Lorenz system using the 4th-order Runge-Kutta method, and verifies the sensitivity of the dynamics of the Lorenz system under different parameters and the sensitivity of the initial value after entering chaos. In the two experiments, the system was observed entering the chaotic system when ρ was between 23 and 25, and a typical butterfly-shaped strange attractor was observed, and the Lyapunov index calculated at 0.9 when the x-value changed from 1e-10, confirming trajectory divergence and chaotic behavior. At the same time, these results also prove the reliability of RK4 as a numerical simulation method.

The transit method is pivotal for exoplanet detection and radius determination by measuring periodic dips in stellar brightness. However, systematic biases, particularly from unaccounted-for limb darkening (LD) and stellar activity in simplified public data processing pipelines, remain a significant concern, especially for short-period planets from the K2 mission. This study addresses these gaps by developing an optimized analytical framework. We reprocessed raw light curves for eight representative K2 planets using an integrated approach combining the official Kepler pipeline (v10.3) for instrumental noise, Daubechies wavelet filtering for stellar activity (e.g., flares), and spectroscopy-dependent LD correction. Our results reveal significant systematic overestimations of planetary radii in public archival data, averaging (32.7 ± 4.2)%, with the most severe overestimation (up to 74.1%) occurring for planets transiting M-dwarfs due to their strong LD effects. Furthermore, orbital inclination discrepancies were identified as a source of parameter coupling anomalies. Post-correction, radius measurement scatter was reduced to ±5.3%, and transit timing errors averaged (1.82 ± 0.31)%. This study provides a validated, standardized procedure significantly enhancing the accuracy of transit parameters.

This review comprehensively examines the intersection of ultrasonic (>20 kHz) and infrasonic (<20 Hz) waves with music, mediated by spectral processing technologies. It systematically collates research across acoustics, music technology, and neuroscience to explore how inaudible frequencies can extend musical expression. The paper first outlines the unique physical properties of ultrasonic and infrasonic waves, then analyzes spectral processing methods—from traditional Fourier transforms to advanced machine learning algorithms—that enable their conversion into musically relevant forms. Key applications in experimental composition, therapeutic interventions, and immersive media are discussed, supported by empirical studies and artistic case studies. Additionally, it investigates the perceptual mechanisms underlying human responses to these inaudible stimuli, including cross-modal integration of auditory and tactile signals. Finally, the review identifies critical challenges such as hardware limitations and individual perceptual variability, proposing future directions for interdisciplinary research. It suggests a theoretical foundation for employing ultrasonic and infrasonic waves to extend the boundaries of music.

Hot Jupiters are a range of hot Jupiters that often challenge standard theories of planetary formation and evolution. They orbit very closely to their host stars, which results in high explosion to intense stellar radiation. Kepler-1658b stands out among hot Jupiters. It has a large mass but a relatively compact radius, which leads to an unusually high mean density. This review brings together current planet models and theories to explore possible explanations for this anomaly. The investigation focuses on three hypotheses: limited radius inflation due to atmospheric mass loss, enrichment in heavy elements throughout the planet’s interior, and the presence of an exceptionally large solid core. To test these possibilities, the discussion combines insights from mass–radius models, empirical mass–metallicity trends, and the observed metallicity of Kepler-1658, the host star. Results suggest that atmospheric escape alone is insufficient to explain Kepler 1658b's high density. Instead, heavy-element content and a large core are possible explanations. The review concludes that Kepler-1658b represents an extreme case of internal metal enrichment. This offers valuable opportunities for refining models of gas giant interior structure and formation.

The Epoch of Reionization (EoR, z ≈ 6–20) marks the cosmic transition from a neutral to ionized intergalactic medium (IGM), driven by radiation from the first galaxies. This study synthesizes insights from two pivotal THESAN simulation papers to elucidate the dynamic evolution of ionized bubbles during reionization. A fundamental THESAN paper “The THESAN Project: properties of the intergalactic medium and its connection to reionization-era galaxies” establishes a framework linking IGM properties to reionization-era galaxies, revealing a late reionization history (z ≈ 5.5) consistent with Lyα forest observations and CMB optical depth constraints. “Connecting ionized bubble sizes to their local environments during the Epoch of Reionization” investigates the environmental dependence of bubble growth, identifying bimodal expansion: slow radiation-limited growth in early-reionized regions (z ≥ 10) versus rapid percolation and "flash ionization" in late-reionized voids (z ≤ 6). Our comparative analysis demonstrates that bubble growth follows three distinct phases: (1) isolated growth (xHI = 0.7); (2) percolation (0.3 < xHI < 0.7), driven by topological connectivity; and (3) runaway merging (xHI < 0.3), with front velocities >100 km s-1. Environmental overdensity (δ) critically modulates growth, with overdense regions hosting larger bubbles early on, while underdense voids exhibit delayed but explosive expansion. This paper introduce a unified growth model unifying both papers’ insights, validated against THESAN data and JWST observations.This work reveals reionization’s topology as a product of radiation physics, environmental feedback, and cosmic structure, advancing predictions for 21 cm and Lyα surveys.

Singular perturbation problems are widely used in the field of fluid dynamics, but they pose a continuous challenge to conventional numerical methods because their solutions exhibit multiscale properties within the boundary layer. Although physically informed neural networks (PINNs) show great potential in solving partial differential equations, this paper proposes a novel PINN framework, which centers on the introduction of a learnable monotonic coordinate transformation that adaptively resolves the boundary-layer scales; a solution decomposition strategy that explicitly constructs the solution as the sum of the external and internal solutions and strictly satisfies the boundary conditions by means of a hard-coded approach; in addition, a novel loss function is designed to partition the weighted training mechanism to balance the loss magnitude between internal and external regions. In this Theoretical analysis reveals the amplification effect of the residuals in the boundary layer region, and the experimental results cover a variety of combinations of boundary conditions. Numerical experiments show that, compared with traditional PINN, our model achieves a significant improvement in accuracy near the boundary layer and is robust to different types of boundary conditions. This study provides a reliable and efficient solution for applying deep learning to multi-scale problems with boundary layers.