Although conventional chemotherapy plays an important role in cancer therapy, its lack of specificity often leads to serious side effects and tolerability problems in patients. With obvious advantages in the field of tumor treatment, antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have gradually become a crucial research topic in recent years. However, some problems of current ADCs are being revealed, including the need to improve the internalization efficiency, the problem of drug resistance caused by tumor heterogeneity, and the reduction of targeting specificity. Therefore, bispecific antibody drug conjugates (BsADCs) become one of the directions for the development of next-generation ADCs. BsADCs can improve the endocytosis efficiency, the binding ability to tumor cells, and the killing ability of the drug through the bispecific epitope or targets while reducing the toxic side effects on normal cells, which has a promising prospect in the field of future development. This review collects some design concepts and innovative strategies in the field of current BsADCs, hoping to provide ideas and methods for further exploration and development of BsADCs and overcome the challenges it faces

Stroke is one of the major lethal diseases worldwide and is often associated with severe complications for instance dysphagia, which has a significant impact on the quality of life of patients. Dysphagia can lead to malnutrition, aspiration pneumonia, and a decline in overall health, significantly increasing the burden on patients and caregivers. Electroacupuncture, one of the common treatments for post-stroke dysphagia, effectively improves nerve function, enhances neuromuscular conduction, and restores swallowing ability through stimulation of specific acupoints. Compared with traditional rehabilitation methods, electroacupuncture can provide targeted interventions to support the recovery of motor function and sensory pathways, shorten rehabilitation time and improve rehabilitation outcomes. This article reviews the pathogenesis and risks of post-stroke dysphagia, mechanisms of action, indications and contraindications, timing of application and treatment, and efficacy and benefits. In addition, it compares the advantages of electroacupuncture with those of traditional therapies and highlights its potential to enhance therapeutic efficacy when used in conjunction with other rehabilitation tools

Terpenoids have shown promising therapeutic effects in a variety of cancer models due to their multi-targeted anticancer mechanisms, modulation of the tumor microenvironment, and enhancement of the immune response. However, terpenoids face many challenges in clinical applications, mainly including their complex chemical structures, low bioavailability, and poor targeting. These factors limit their stability and anticancer effects in vivo. This paper reviews the anticancer mechanisms of terpenoids, the challenges of clinical applications, and the corresponding strategies to address them. Future studies should improve these deficiencies through chemical modification and nanotechnology to enhance drug performance and promote their clinical applications

Quercetin is a natural flavonoid widely found in many foods. Its unique pharmacological effects include antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and tumor growth inhibition. Numerous experimental studies have revealed that quercetin has a significant bioactive mechanism to inhibit the development of cancer cells, which provides a strong scientific basis for its application in the field of anticancer. Quercetin exerts its anti-cancer effects by regulating multiple signaling pathways, stopping the cell cycle, preventing cell proliferation, and triggering cell death. This mechanism stops cancer cells from metastasizing and from developing further. It has potential research value as an adjuvant therapy for cancer treatment. In this study, the biological properties of quercetin, the mechanism of anticancer action, and the relevant data in the preclinical and clinical stages were reviewed. This article focuses on the new development of quercetin in the field of cancer comprehensive treatment, aiming to provide reference for the possibility of adopting quercetin as a drug option in clinical treatment and help improve its bioutilization efficiency in patients

Global forestry faces significant challenges, including the degradation of forest resources and the growing threat of invasive species, which disrupt ecosystems and affect human health. Effective management of invasive species is essential for maintaining biodiversity, forest resilience, and global ecological stability. This study examines the application of afforestation techniques, biological control, and chemical control as methods for mitigating the impacts of invasive species in forest ecosystems. The research highlights the importance of selecting appropriate tree species, optimizing forest structure, and promoting species diversity to enhance forest resilience against both plant and insect invasions. Case studies demonstrate the effectiveness of afforestation techniques, such as thinning and girdling, in managing invasive species like black cherry and bark beetles. However, the success of these techniques depends on complementary measures, such as continuous monitoring, interdisciplinary collaboration, and climate adaptation strategies. The study concludes that future research should focus on integrating afforestation with biological and chemical controls, leveraging mathematical modeling, and enhancing international cooperation to address the ecological and economic threats posed by invasive species. Sustainable forest management strategies are essential for ensuring long-term forest health and resilience, particularly in the context of climate change.

Human beings exist in a 24-hour cycle where day and night alternate in a daily pattern. Circadian rhythms, which connects the body and environment successfully, have developed in nearly all living organisms. The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), a circadian timer situated in the hypothalamus, aligns our internal biological clocks with the Earth’s 24-hour day-night cycle. This synchronization is achieved through a pathway from the retina. These rhythms regulate a wide array of physiological processes, such as hunger, sleep patterns, physical activity, hormone. It is noteworthy that mood also exhibits a daily pattern, and disturbances in the circadian system are associated with mood-related issues. People with depression frequently exhibit irregularities in their sleep, appetite, activity levels, and cortisol release, indicating that the stability of circadian rhythms is a key contributor to the onset and physiological processes of depressive disorders. This article reviews recent research findings in both humans and animal models that connect disrupted circadian rhythms with depressive disorders. Understanding this link could lead to innovative therapeutic approaches, such as treatments aimed at restoring circadian rhythm integrity, and may also open doors for preventive measures targeting those at risk of mood disorders. Continued research in this area holds promise for improving mental health outcomes by addressing the underlying biological mechanisms tied to circadian rhythms and mood regulation

Breast cancer is a disease that poses a danger to women's health and survival rate in the modern world. Because of the wide range of elements that influence it, breast cancer is a very valuable and intriguing subject to research. Melatonin is one of the medicines for circadian rhythm disorders that are used by many people in modern society. Researchers have been interested in the connection between circadian rhythms and several diseases in recent years. In particular, the treatment of disorders involving circadian rhythms has revealed new avenues for the creation of therapeutic medications. This led to an investigation into whether melatonin is effective in treating breast cancer and what its specific mechanism of action is. In addition to providing clear evidence of melatonin's therapeutic benefits for breast cancer, the finding that it interacts with the REV-ERB target in this disease may also open the door to the development of more potent, side-effect-free breast cancer medications by revealing a novel molecular pathway. Also, several other mechanisms including BMAL1, CLOCK genes, DNA repair, and the cell cycle have been identified that can also be affected by melatonin and REV- ERB through circadian rhythms

Shift work has an irreplaceable role in many companies and posts, however the negative health impacts are ineluctable, so it is worthy to clarify the possible influence that can post on the metabolism and therefore causing dangerous disorders. The relationship between the shift work and circadian rhythm including the master clock (SCN) and peripheral clock in the tissue and the external environment is researched, in the meantime the various effects are also mentioned. The main focus was on the metabolism, contending that glucose and lipid metabolism has affected by the changes of the circadian rhythm and potential consequences like diabetes and obesity might emerge. Additionally, insulin sensitivity drops as the circadian phases’ shifts, with accompanied by the risk of type 2 diabetes. Other effects like influences on the hormone secretion and functioning does also shows relationships with metabolic rhythms, for instance the melatonin reduction can leads several diseases. With the clear understanding of these relationships further clinical studies show be able to utilize the mechanisms and produce therapeutic interventions

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive cognitive decline, circadian rhythm disturbances, and loss of serotonergic function. While there is no cure for AD, emerging research suggests that targeting the serotonergic system and circadian rhythms may offer novel therapeutic avenues. Serotonin, a key neurotransmitter involved in regulating mood, cognition, and circadian rhythms, plays a critical role in maintaining brain function. However, serotonin levels decline with age and are further reduced in AD, exacerbating circadian disruptions and contributing to the disease's progression. This review explores the connection between the serotonergic system and circadian rhythm regulation in AD, examining the impact of serotonin depletion on the suprachiasmatic nucleus and its influence on amyloid-beta accumulation and tau pathology. Additionally, the potential therapeutic benefits of serotonin-targeted treatments, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and melatonin supplementation, are discussed. Restoring circadian and serotonergic balance may help delay AD onset and mitigate symptoms, though further research is needed to fully understand these mechanisms and develop effective interventions

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is one of the neuron transmitters commonly found in mammals. Previous works have proved the inhibitory nature of GABA in many activities it partakes in. However, recent studies have found that GABA could act as an excitatory factor in certain neural pathways especially in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) region of the hypothalamus. Circadian clock or circadian rhythm is critical among organisms’ reaction and regulation to the time of day which helps the organisms maintain homeostasis to the changing weather and seasons. This process can be found in nearly all kingdoms of organisms, particularly which is regulated by the SCN region of the hypothalamus in mammals. In recent years, the potential link between GABA and sleep or circadian rhythm became a new topic among many researchers. Studies have found that GABA has an important effect on circadian rhythm. The excitatory or inhibitory effects of GABA in the SCN is dependent on the concentration of intercellular chloride ion, exposure to day-light and several other factors. GABA can also regulate the concentration level of intercellular ion in the SCN and thus achieve the self-regulating GABAergic neurons. The coupling of the circadian rhythms which is the essential process to synchronize the neuron cell firing rate is also mediated by GABA