Globally, ecosystems and their restoration and conservation are attracting enormous attention. In recent times, people have gradually realized the importance of ecosystems and the need for ecosystem conservation. At the same time, many scientific conservation measures and methods have been developed, some of which are costly but at least have made a difference in ecosystem restoration. By reviewing a series of related literature, it is possible to see the different views and responses to ecosystems and their conservation in many periods of time, and to realize the seriousness of the situation and challenges facing humanity. The literature review discusses the scientific approach and thinking about the reversibility of ecosystem restoration and rehabilitation.

In the offshore waters of Shantou, Guangdong Province, in the northern part of the South China Sea, a specimen belonging to the genus Halieutaea was collected at a depth of about 100 meters. It is similar to the known Halieutaea fitzsimonsi but also has some differences. Hence, this specimen is considered a neotype named Halieutaea liui sp. nov. The neotype can be distinguished from Halieutaea fitzsimonsi by the following external features: a prominent snout, a shorter peduncle, and unevenly distributed bony spines on the dorsal side of the disc. In addition, methods of distinguishing 13 known species of Halieutaea (including Halieutaea liui sp. nov.) by their appearance characteristics are cldwarified.

It is well-known that Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegeneration characterized by memory impairment, cognitive complexity, language impairment, mood swings, and behavioral abnormalities. The AD is related to a variety of factors and has been associated with circumstances, genes, generations and genders. The mechanism of pathogenesis is also unclear, and there are several hypothesis theories. The more convincing one is the deposition of amyloid. Although there is no one drug that can cure the AD completely, there are approved drugs that alleviate the development of the AD by preventing the breakdown of acetylcholinesterase and increasing the nerve cells that transmit messages. The development of new drugs and their use in the treatment of AD has received increasing attention. In this research, six drugs will be focused on, which are aduhelm, aricept, exelon, leqembi, namenda, and namzaric. Compared with single-target drugs, multi-target drugs can target different physiological aspects of the disease and have the advantages of fewer adverse effects, lower clinical doses and significant efficacy. Because their therapeutic mechanisms are different, patients can select the most appropriate drugs for different conditions of the AD according to the symptoms of the disease. Based on the current treatments, there is no way to cure the AD, hoping people could find a full cure for AD in the future.

Schizophrenia, as a complex neurological disorder, has many distressing symptoms such as hallucinations and some of the common mood or cognitive disorders commonly associated with mental illness. Once suffering from schizophrenia, people’s work and life will be greatly troubled. It is also often associated with other psychiatric disorders, which makes it extremely difficult to treat clinically. However, a diverse of different studies have been able to identify a clear link with neurotransmitter signaling pathways and some brain activity, such as dopamine projection pathways and a significant reduction in gray matter in patients. This research will focus on another dimension, namely the reduction of gray matter volume, to investigate the relationship between oligodendrocyte and astrocyte function and schizophrenia, in an attempt to provide a new vision for the clinical treatment system. In addition, it is expected that this research can also provide a new idea for the development of new drugs for schizophrenia.

Today, more than 70 million people around the world suffer from autism, and scientists around the world are working hard to invest in research into autism treatment, hoping to identify the possibility of a cure among the various attempts. At present, there are a large number of studies on various treatment options for autism, but not many summaries of the studies. Due to the complex causes of autism, this research only summarizes some of the therapeutic and training programs that have made progress in autism. This research of existing research suggests that the adverse symptoms of autism can be improved through applied behavior analysis (ABA) therapy, symptom-relieving medications, talk-based cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT), behavioral therapy, gene therapy, gut probiotics supplementation, and web-based training. Although autism is a very complex disease, with the development of technology and in-depth research into its causes, autism is controllable and mitigated. In the future, with more in-depth research, there may be more ways to alleviate the suffering of people with autism.

The combination of muscle cells and soft robotics technology has led to the rapid development of biohybrid robots in recent years. Muscle-driven systems had advantages such as joint flexibility, self-repair, and multi-signal perception, demonstrating unique advantages as an effective technological solution for robot drive systems. Current research has many shortcomings in material properties and muscle stability in 3D muscle tissue cultured in vitro, making it difficult to successfully apply the technology. In this study, we developed a new type of interpenetrating hydrogel network that, combined with 3D cell culture and tissue-induced culture, enabled 3D muscle tissue culture in a hydrogel environment and induced differentiation in muscle tissue. The results of this research provided a foundation for future studies on in vitro muscle tissue culture and the implementation of robots in this field.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurological and developmental disorder, which has many underlying causes, making it much more challenging to find an appropriate treatment to cure. It has been found that ASD is related to a wide variety of neurochemical changes, including GABA, oxytocin, and several monoamine neurotransmitters such as dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin. Since ASD is heterogeneous, precise technology such as PET, LP, iEEG, rs-fMRIs, and MRS had been emerged to discover the site of illness. It requires a persistent effort since the ASD phenotype is invertible instead of unchanged, which will be explained soon. Until now, only genetic modified virus (rAAV) have so far successfully incorporated with transduction and gene expression in vivo. However, whether the presence of neutralizing circulating antibodies will preclude intravenous administration is unsure. Instead of systemic delivery, intrathecal administration is discovered as a substitute, which can solve the problem and have advanced to a clinical trial. More gene therapies are hypothesized, for instance, using rAAV for gene replacement, ASOs for RNA knockdown, and CRISPR/Cas9 for gene editing. Unfortunately, these gene therapies still have a long way to go to overcome the restrictions. As a result, this research will analyze the different treatments for the ASD.

Schizophrenia is a debilitating neurological and psychiatric disorder that can result in severe disability for those affected. The presence of this disorder can have far-reaching effects on all aspects of a person's life, affecting not only their personal and familial relationships, but also their social interactions, academic pursuits, and career prospects. Some individuals with schizophrenia may experience multiple cycles of symptom exacerbation and remission throughout their lifetime, with symptoms worsening and improving intermittently. However, for others, symptoms may progressively worsen over time and may even become increasingly severe, potentially persisting throughout their lifetime and significantly impacting their daily life and social relationships. As of today, most medications are still not perfect treatments for this disorder. And only a few, such as lumateperone, have shown initial success in improving and relieving patients' negative symptoms and cognitive dysfunction. In addition, psychological therapies are being developed, but therapists and psychiatrists are still limited in the number of treatments available. In the face of these unresolved challenges, different treatment methods have been conducted to evaluate investigational therapies, and new models are being constructed to study new pharmacological molecular therapeutic pathways. This research provides an overview of some of the current mainstream treatment strategies for schizophrenia and an outlook for the future.

Alzheimer's disease is a prominent cause of dementia in late adulthood and is recognized as a progressive, multifaceted neurological illness. Studies of incidence and prevalence have a considerable influence on how much of a burden the community and healthcare system must bear. The author will compare and contrast the epidemiological states of Alzheimer's disease in China and the United States, explain their disparities, and offer suggestions for China's future. This paper analyzes the U.S.’s epidemiology situation, China’s epidemiology situation, and then makes a comparison with three aspects. Epidemiology in America includes its overview, the difference between symptom-based data and biomarker-based data, the forecasted increase in prevalence between 2020-2025 in the states, the incidence, and the race; China’s epidemiology describes the overview of China’s Alzheimer’s disease situation and regional studies. It is discovered that China’s decreasing mortality, Asian people’s prevalence are lower than white people, special regional research, and biomarker research are needed with which more research will be carried on.

Chronic pain is increasingly developing into a worldwide health problem. Due to the money and treatment required for care and rehabilitation, as well as the complexity of the various types of pain, chronic pain sufferers often bear a huge financial burden as well as a psychological one. According to statistics, 23% of chronic pain sufferers have suicidal thoughts. In 2017, the third category pain named "nociplastic pain" was proposed for the first time by the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) which is disparate with the first kind ‘nociceptive pain “and the second pain “neuropathic”. The physiological mechanisms behind this type of pain are not known. However, it is commonly thought to be associated with a hypersensitivity response in the central nervous system and can be resulted in chronic nociceptive pain, so nociplastic pain is able to occur by itself, and can combine with other pain. At the same time, this type of pain affects the central system and produces other derived symptoms. Examples include stimulation of the limbic system, including impaired processing of emotions by the amygdala, amplified pain perception, sleep disturbances, increased fatigue and sensitivity to external environmental stimuli. There are no very clear and obvious diagnostic criteria or methods, and clinical detection is difficult. Due to the many symptoms, patients usually undergo multiple tests, with high medical costs and a poor prognosis. Patients suffer both physical and psychological distress. The disease with its complexity characteristic leads the difficulty for doctors to diagnosis it plagues patients with the condition, while increasing the difficulty of medical diagnosis and the cost of medical treatment. This article synthesizes the existing developments in outcomes in nociplastic pain from introduction and classification to diagnosis and treatment, it discusses the existing research findings.