In areas such as respiratory disease prevention and control, life science research, and food and drug development, bioaerosol samplers can monitor the surrounding environment in real time. Within bioaerosol research, various gas sensor designs have been developed based on different collection principles, including liquid impaction, solid impaction, cyclone, filtration, and electrostatic methods. However, due to the diverse characteristics of bioaerosols, instruments employing different design principles show variations in physical and biological sampling efficiency for different bioaerosol particles. The objective of this paper is to examine the design of a highly sensitive, high-speed microelectromechanical systems’ (MEMS) electrode ionization bioaerosol gas sensor. This study investigates the sensitivity characteristics of gas sensors toward aerosols, with the aim of improving upon the limitations of existing gas sensor designs. First, a silicon micropillar sensor composed of a three-electrode structure is proposed for real-time monitoring of multiple parameters, including particulate matter concentration, gas concentration, and temperature. Second, the sensing mechanism of the silicon micropillar toward particulate matter, gas, and temperature is explored. The analysis is based on gas discharge, field-assisted emission, and particle charging theories, establishing a direct detection principle for these parameters. Finally, experiments and simulations were conducted to investigate the effects of micropillar aspect ratio and electrode spacing on sensor performance and bioaerosol sensitivity.

The remarkable regenerative abilities of the flatworm Macrostomum lignano arise from a small population of robust and radioresistant stem cells that are capable of surviving acute (150 Gy) gamma irradiation. The in vivo study of these cells, however, is complicated by the intense autofluorescence resulting from the dying tissues that obscures standard fluorescent reporters in living animals. Here we develop a multifaceted approach that employs real-time in vivo imaging combined with a mechanistic molecular dissection. We developed a permanent line of transgenic animals expressing a dual-modality reporter (GeNL) under the control of a potent CAG promoter so that surviving stem cells can be examined in detail through bioluminescent imaging, and their proliferation and migratory behavior tractable through the use of a custom-built tracking microscope. In order to determine the molecular basis of their activation, we conducted single-cell RNA sequencing across a time course of regeneration, identifying key candidate genes from a number of pathways, including Hippo, FoxO and NRF2. These candidate genes were spatially validated by means of HCR RNA-FISH within the stem cells, and their functional significance was probed by RNAi. Our integrative assay reveals a hierarchical regulatory network through which the radioresistant stem cells orchestrate whole-body regeneration, and reveals new insights into stem cell biology and regeneration under stress.

This study explores the mechanisms underlying the intervention of Coptis Chinensis Franch. and Rehmannia glutinosa (Gaetn.) Libosch. ex Fisch. et Mey. in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Modern research has confirmed that Coptis chinensis Franch. contains chemical components such as berberine, jatrorrhizine, and palmatine. Rehmannia glutinosa (Gaetn.) Libosch. ex Fisch. et Mey. is rich in catalpol, Rehmannia glutinosa polysaccharides, and acteoside. These components can improve insulin resistance, regulate glucose metabolism pathways, alleviate oxidative stress and inflammation, protect pancreatic β-cells, modulate gut microbiota, and synergistically regulate blood glucose, thereby effectively alleviating the progression of T2DM and the occurrence of complications. This article systematically summarizes their mechanisms of action, providing a basis for the compatibility application of Coptis Chinensis Franch. and Rehmannia glutinosa (Gaetn.) Libosch. ex Fisch. et Mey. and the optimization of traditional Chinese medicine compound prescriptions.

Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are the main alternative to bromine-based flame retardants because of their efficient fire-retardant properties, and as a result they are commonly used in industrial and consumer products. However, their widespread detection in the environment and biological samples, as well as their potential neurotoxic risks, have drawn significant attention. Current research has clearly demonstrated that OPFRs can cause multi-target damage to the developing nervous system through mechanisms such as interfering with various neurotransmitter systems (such as dopamine, GABA, and acetylcholine), inducing oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage, and blocking the autophagy-lysosome pathway. In clinical studies, it has been found that they are associated with decreased cognitive development in children and the risk of autism spectrum disorders. Nevertheless, this field still faces many challenges, including insufficient assessment of health risks from low-dose long-term exposure and mixed exposure, unclear sensitivity differences between different developmental stages and genders, and the incomplete establishment of the causal chain between toxicity mechanisms and population epidemiological data. In the future, it is necessary to combine multi-omics technologies, developmental toxicology models, and prospective cohort studies to systematically elucidate the neurotoxic pathways of OPFRs and promote environmental monitoring, exposure prevention and control, and the development of safe alternatives. This article reviews the physicochemical properties and toxicity spectrum of OPFRs, the neurotoxic mechanisms (including neurotransmitter disorders, oxidative stress, autophagy and apoptosis), and human clinical evidence, aiming to provide scientific basis for the risk assessment of neurodevelopment and the formulation of public health strategies.

Pharmacovigilance is a core component of risk management throughout a drug’s lifecycle. It is essential because pharmaceutical products have an inherent benefit-risk balance. Zanubrutinib, a novel Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor originally developed in China, serves as an exemplary case for studying the safety management of innovative drugs in China across their entire lifecycle. This paper systematically analyzes the construction and operation of the pharmacovigilance system for zanubrutinib. Through a systematic review of its management strategies, the study explores the pharmacovigilance challenges faced by innovative drugs in China and corresponding countermeasures, providing references for their safety management. The research indicates that innovative drugs in China need to establish robust, internationally aligned pharmacovigilance systems from the outset to continuously monitor and manage adverse drug reactions, ensure patient medication safety, and provide a paradigm for the long-term safety monitoring of drugs included in the national reimbursement drug list.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors, PD-1 / PD-L1 inhibitors, have been approved for the treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma, which actually represents a significant advancement in treatment options for this aggressive type of cancer. However, their effectiveness is often hindered by primary or acquired tumor resistance. It is necessary to study the molecular mechanisms involved and create targeted strategies. Recent findings indicate that the proto-oncogene tyrosine kinase MerTK (MER) is overexpressed in HCC tissues and is significantly associated with poor responses to these inhibitors.This review the various roles of MerTK in the progression of HCC, including its supportive effects on tumor cell survival, migration, and immune evasion. This review also discusses how MerTK promotes immunotherapy resistance by altering the tumor microenvironment, such as reducing the function of anti-tumor immune cells. Additionally, the review considers MerTK's potential as both a therapeutic target and a predictive biomarker, proposing new opportunities to improve the effectiveness of current HCC immunotherapies.

Antibiotic resistance (AMR) threatens the foundation of modern medicine, accelerated by horizontal gene transfer (HGT) of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) among bacteria. This review examines HGT as the principal mechanism connecting immense ecological reservoirs of ARGs to clinical pathogens. The global “resistome” encompasses ancient ARGs in natural environments such as soil and water, which have intensified in human-impacted systems including wastewater treatment plants and gut microbiomes. The main molecular processes driving HGT—conjugation, transformation, and transduction—serve as key routes for ARG dissemination. Human activities, including antibiotic overuse, co-selection by heavy metals and biocides, and the generation of anthropogenic terrestrial hotspots, further promote resistance selection and increase gene transfer rates. Tackling AMR requires shifting from a 'clinical-pathogen-focused’ view to an ecological and evolutionary approach based on surveillance and management of gene flow at the human-animal-environment interface. Prospective approaches could concentrate on the direct disruption of HGT mechanisms and MGEs, as these could be considered as novel and more sustainable ways to mitigate the spreading of resistances.

Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a malignant tumor of the digestive system with high malignancy and poor prognosis. It is characterized by difficulty in early diagnosis, rapid disease progression, unfavorable prognosis, high mortality rate, and low 5-year survival rate. As one of the major diseases threatening human health, PC still lacks effective treatment methods. By retrieving relevant articles over the years, this study summarizes and analyzes that the pathogenesis of PC involves multiple factors, including heredity and gene mutations, DNA methyltransferases and histone deacetylases in epigenetic abnormalities, and the tumor microenvironment. Furthermore, the key targets of PC pathogenesis and the tumor microenvironment are analyzed, aiming to provide further references for the treatment of PC.

Acute liver injury is a critical clinical syndrome characterized by rapid necrosis of hepatocytes and severe inflammatory reaction. At present, effective treatments for its fundamental pathogenic connections are lacking. In recent years, studies have found that pyroptosis, as a programmed inflammatory cell death mode mediated by gasdermin protein, plays a central role in the occurrence and development of a variety of acute liver injury. In this process, the inflammasome senses danger signals and activates caspase-1, which in turn cleaves GSDMD protein and forms cell membrane pores, ultimately leading to cell osmotic lysis and the release of a large number of pro-inflammatory factors. This article systematically elaborated the specific activation pathways and mechanisms of pyroptosis in different types of liver injury, such as drug-induced liver injury, ischemia-reperfusion injury, viral / autoimmune hepatitis and sepsis, and discussed the therapeutic prospect of targeted intervention on the key nodes of pyroptosis. Despite the challenges of crosstalk coexistence of cell death modes and safety of targeted therapy, the development of specific GSDMD inhibitors, analysis of cell heterogeneity using single-cell technology, and exploration of combination treatment strategies still bring new hope to this field. A thorough understanding of pyroptosis mechanism will provide crucial theoretical underpinnings and innovative ideas for the precise prevention and management of acute liver injury.

This qualitative study explores the experiences and social support needs of people living with HIV (PLHIV) through the perspectives of doctors, nurses, and community volunteers in Beijing. Drawing on six semi-structured interviews, the research identifies key emotional, social, and structural challenges faced by PLHIV and reveals the different ways in which medical and community stakeholders conceptualize support. While doctors emphasize clinical stability and biomedical management, nurses focus on emotional support and relational trust, and volunteers stress education, stigma reduction, and disclosure counseling. Thematic analysis shows convergences in understanding psychosocial burdens, but also important divergences in perceptions of stigma, role responsibilities, and care priorities. The study highlights the need for integrated, cross-sectoral support systems that bridge clinical expertise and community-based outreach to better serve PLHIV across age and social contexts.