There has been numerous evidence from neuroimaging and electrophysiological studies that suggest overlapping but distinct networks between self-serving lies and prosocial lies. On the basis of current research, self-serving lies engage the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex, reflecting heightened cognitive control and moral conflict, while prosocial lies recruit the temporoparietal junction and medial prefrontal cortex, which emphasizes empathy and social cognition. Researchers also attach importance to the interplay between executive control, social processing, and emotional regulation in deception. By understanding these neural differences, we can make contributions to developmental psychology, cross-cultural research, forensic applications, and the design of socially adaptive artificial intelligence systems.