Coral reefs are one of the most biologically diverse ecosystems in the ocean, but are now under increasing threat from climate related ocean warming. While numerous studies have focused on the impact of sea surface temperature (SST) on coral reef condition, those that specifically looked into whether long-term background SST variability had an impact on reef stability have had conflicting results, with some analyses showing negligible association and others showing significant associations. This paper explores the reasons behind this contradiction, using the findings of new research and reanalysis of the Heatwaves and Coral-Recovery Database, a 44-year global monitoring dataset of over 12,000 reef sites. The standard linear correlation methods used to reanalyze SST variability over the long term revealed only a weak relationship between the SST variability and the two independently derived stability indices. For the coral cover data, however, acute peak thermal stress was a stronger predictor than background variability, site identity explained ~2/3 of the variance and nonlinear modelling revealed a strong U-shaped relationship, undetectable under the linear stress assumption; the same pattern was found for both measures of stability. A weak global effect also masked some strong ocean basin variation in the regional analysis, with even point estimates of opposite sign in certain regions. When combined with other parallel results reported elsewhere, these data suggest that the linkage between long-term SST variability and coral reef stability exists, but it is nonlinear, site-specific and regionally variable – not captured by a simple linear global analysis.

Bisulfite ( H S O 3 - ) serves as an effective preservative in food industry and plays an important role in endogenous cellular redox balance. However, excessive intake of bisulfite into humans may induce a series of complications such as allergic asthma, cardiovascular diseases and neurological disorders. Consequently, it is essential to develop a method to monitor the bisulfite levels in foods and cells. In recent years, small-molecule fluorescent probes for bisulfite detection have emerged as an advanced technology due to their high selectivity, sensitivity and reliability, moreover, they have been utilized in fluorescence imaging for real-time visualization of bisulfite in living tissues and organisms. This review provides a general introduction into the practical applications of these fluorescent probes from 2022 to 2026, exhibiting several advanced detection methods for bisulfite in various samples and the improvements in probe performance. Furthermore, we discuss about certain aspects in probe applications that requires optimization, which can serve as a direction for in-depth researches in the future.

While germline-targeting vaccines have activated human precursors of broadly neutralizing antibodies, the steps from precursor activation to long-lived serum neutralization are incomplete. The aim of this narrative synthesis is to review the studies of VRC01-class HIV-1 vaccines and determine which maturation steps are supported and which functional transitions are not. Primary clinical reports, structural analysis reports and selected mechanistic reports were identified from a focused search of PubMed and through reference tracing. Immunisation sequence, antibody sampling, envelope glycosylation, neutralisation assay and follow up were used for comparison of evidence. Preclinical trials were successful in demonstrating precursor recruitment and early maturation in humans. Heterologous boosting generated antibodies with desired mutations, but this was most prominent for certain antibody clones and serum neutralization was not detected under the conditions tested. Germline-targeting trimer vaccination resulted in some weakly active monoclonal antibodies against fully glycosylated virus, but failed to achieve broad serum neutralization upon repeated vaccination. In macaques, serum breadth was seen with extended sequential boosting, but does not prove the same in humans. The two studies together indicate two future hurdles: improving the ability to induce recognition of a variety of viral envelopes from engineered antigen, and maximizing the magnitude and persistence of circulating neutralizing antibody responses from mature memory B cells. This distinction connects future vaccine assessments with matching glycan-sensitive assays, antibody sample representative sampling and serum assessments over time. Further evaluation for human protective efficacy, response consistency and tolerability to complete regimens is required.