Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) technology is one of the key approaches to address global climate change and achieve carbon dioxide emission reduction. As a core component of the CCUS technology system, CO₂ geological storage will play a foundational supporting role in the process of achieving the carbon neutrality goal in China's energy industry. Currently, the main geological formations for CO₂ storage include deep saline aquifers, depleted oil and gas reservoirs, deep unmineable coal seams, and basalts. Due to differences in rock properties and geological conditions, different geological formations have formed distinct storage mechanisms and models. Based on a systematic analysis of CO₂ storage mechanisms in different geological formations, combined with typical domestic and international engineering cases, this paper summarizes the implementation effects and applicable conditions of various storage technologies. Additionally, aiming at the current technical bottlenecks and safety risks of CO₂ geological storage, this article discusses the future technical development directions and industrialization paths, in order to provide theoretical support and practical reference for promoting the large-scale application of CO₂ geological storage technology in China.